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History Test Questions EssayManzanar in CA exhalation of $ property 100th coterie Purple Heart Battalion 442nd Regimental Combat Team fought in Italy, France, Ger many a(prenominal) Most decorated assail unit in US history for likeness of length of service Buddha Heads Most japanese-the Statesns served as soldiers in europium while interpreters and such(prenominal) went to the Pacific obvious racism/discrimination Minority group just astir(predicate) adversely affected by Washington DCs fighttime policies was lacquerese-Americans Internment costs effects camps imp gentle windment armed forces service Nisei born in ground forces, so citizens The general attitude to fightf ard WWII was less brainlistic ideological more than practical than the outlook in WWI (This is according to the textbook What would Zinn say in Ch 16? ) In the period of 1885 to 1924, the Japanese immigrants who came to the USA were a select group (representing Japan abroad, so Japan cared who was sent) who was/were get around prepared educated than nearly europiuman immigrants (so they were middle class usu eithery had $)Ex. Japan felt stand for wanted to avoid Chinese bachelors of 19th century so understand brides When the USA entered WWII in declination (7th attack at Pearl, war declared on 8th), 1941, a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about * WWI had unraveled (but many people didnt know in WWI either Ex.Sergeant York Gallipoli) During WWII, the US govt commissioned the production of synthetic rubber in order to polish offset the loss of addition to prewar supplies in E. Asia (ex. French Indochina/Vietnam, Cambodia, Loas) cont polish offtime agencies functions state of war Production Board assign priorities w/respect to nettle determination of of raw materials transportation facilities property of Price Administration controlled inflation by confine essential goodsWar Labor Board imposed ceiling s (maximums) on wage amplifications Fair recitation Practices Commission (FEPC) saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were use upd against Af-Ams seeking employment in war industries * A Philip Randolph 1941 threatened to butt on on Wash DC to demand equality in hiring FDR feared march so make a deal to announce Executive Order 8802 for Af-Ams fair employment in wartime industries Randoplh was leader of uniting of Sleeping Car Porters union (mostly Af-Ams but most whites in addition began in 1920s) While most US springers were strongly committed to the war endeavor, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the joined Mine Workers (Why? Exploitation w/unequal distribution of wartime kale. ) * Coal mining is almost as fantastic as war in fact they die more than any other industrial workers, twain back then and to twenty-four hours only crab ishing is truly more hazardous by proportion although they are ofttimes safer today During WWII labor unions substantially increased their membership There were some strikes Ex. unify Mine Workers unfair distribution of wartime profits * Bracero Program p. 833 Mexicans work in agriculture some industries (later deported in the offensive process Wetback) Ironic after 1930s treatment in CA for example Okies for Mexicans, etc Smith-Connally Anti-Strike lay out June 1943 federal govt could seize industries if strikes occurred Ex.Coal mines and RRs briefly p. 832 Employment of more than 6 one million million women in America (3 million had never worked for wages originally) industry during WWII led to the establishment of day-care centers by govt (*Rosie vs. Wendy) Usually virtuoso women or w/husband in the war were the ones working in defense plants/war industries * non equal pass on for equal work in almost all cases although some women earned as good or better capital if they were outstanding some were indeed Ex. P. 33 WOW circuit card * My recruiting posters WW II aircraft pictures * non greater % of women working in USA than in Europe Ex. Britain USSR in war industries * add-on in employment in war industries for Af-Ams (both men women) * Migrations from southerly as Af-Ams die while to the South came war industries and military bases Why? Cheap wages very few unions * Not a strong desire for most women to work for wages ( in particular in defense industries, etc) *** p. 833 WAACs, WAVES, SPARS, (WASPs) GI brass Issue * USCG Merchant Marine Main reason majority of women workers left labor force at end of WWII was family obligation Af-Ams did all of following during WWII rally behind slogan of Double V (victory over Axis racism at home), move due north west in large migrations (seeking work often in war industries) (move to cities urban begins to mean b neglect) (ghettos created non like Jewish ghettos in Poland, etc) (de facto vs. de jure/Jim Crow segregation discrimination Ex.Race riots in Detroit in 1943 later r ace riots in north in 1960s similarly), form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE 1942 increase in NAACP membership), serve (in US military) in (US) Army Air Corps (Tuskegee Airmen 332nd/99th w/impeccable bear witness no failers muddled on their escorts Benjamin O. Davis sr. Benjamin O. Davis jr. West Point grads endured unspoken treatment from whites Davis sr. is first Af-Am general in US history Davis jr. was in controller of 99th squadron see picture on . 835), What about fighting in integrated combat units?Not until Korea (w/ riddance of a few experiments) Which is least related to the other three? A Philip Randolph (Bro of Sleep Car Porters threat to march on Wash DC in 1941 led to Executive Order 8802 in 1963, helped turn out march to Wash DC for MLK jrs I Have a Dream speech. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC to protect Af-Ams to be hired and treated fairly in war industries), racial discrimination in wartime indu stry (still even w/FEPC there was discrimination but better than w/out it), proposed negro March on Washington, What about the Smith-Connally (Anti- Strike) Act (1943)?On pp. 834-836 Migration interpret on p. 834 * cotton wool production in South hurt Af-Am laborers, tenant, and sharecropping farmers (whites too who did this many) w/ introduction of mechanization so migration p. 836 * natural Americans 25,000 serve Ex. Comanche in Europe Navajo in Pacific polity talkers p. 836 *** LA, CA summer 1943 Zoot Suit Riots Pachucos vs. Servicemen military group retaliation gangs blame reactions tensions Victory Suits race riots p. 836-837 ** Race riot in Detroit, MI in 1943 fatalities pp. 36-837 grownup govt intervention received its greatest boost from WWII (not the New Deal) During WWII, most Ams economically experienced prosperity a doubling of personal income p. 837 national Gross National Product (all goods and serve produced in USA) in 1940 was $100 trilli on GNP grew to $200 billion in 1945 corporate profits rose from $6 billion in 1940 to $12 billion by 1944 Henry Stimson (Sec of War) if you are pass to try to go to war in a capitalist country, you have to let business make money out of the process, or business wont work. p. 837 * disposable income after war-time taxes more than duplicate (but there was inflation too) * post-war consumerism w/sur positively charged income to purchase in post-war US economy Ex increase 33% in post war prices b/c of high wages consumer demand * Office of Scientific Research and Development p. 37 developed weapons, including atomic (nuclear) bombs *** warfare-welfare state b/t 1941-1945 * rationing total war effort bond drives kids had Al drives for example, etc Ex of poster When you ride ALONE, you ride with Hitler total darkness Market Chart for Rise in National Debt rise b/c of WWII and after war it spiked higher than during war p. 837 On p. 38 Cost of war in $ was for USA $33 0 billion 10 multiplication more than WWI more $ than all federal spending since 1776 income tax 4 times as many people than in advance war some people taxed as high as 90% of income taxes provided for 2/5ths of war cost rest is borrowed from US public Liberty Loans Bond Drives others loaned $ too like individuals who were rich tycoons moguls and/or through with(predicate) corporations banks 1941 National Debt was $49 billion grew to $259 billion in 1945 war cost $10 million per hour at peak of war plus cable, sweat, tears fearful loss of life Ex.USSR lost more than any other country Northward migration of Af-Ams speed after WWII b/c mechanical cotton pickers (machines) were in use p. 836 During WWII, American Indians moved off of reservations in large numbers (25,000 served in military) p. 836 By the end of WWII, the heart of USAs Af-Am communities had shifted to northern cities pp. 834-835 * p. 836 The speed and scale of these changes jolted the migrant s and sometimes the communities that received them. * Racism, de facto segregation vs. de jure (Jim Crow) segregation Migartion Map on p. 834 National debt increased most during World War II (and post-WWII to present) p. 838 Most $ raised to finance WWII came through get (individuals, corporations bonds for middle class working class people) (*Liberty/Victory Loans bond sales hugely promoted) p. 38 First oceanic skirmish in history in which all of the fighting was done by (aircraft) carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942 near NE Australia Tie to stop Japanese threat/ attack of the Land Down Under USA lost one carrier USS Lexington USS Yorktown carrier severely damaged but back in action at middle(prenominal) where she was finally sunk by a Japanese skid after extensive damage from aircraft that left her a burning wreck) * Midway 2nd such battle b/t carrier fleets so far apart they never see each other June 3rd-6th, 1942 the turning point of the Pacific war p. 839 The tide of Japanese conquering in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of Midway (June 3rd-6th, 1942) * Details our 3 carriers to their 4 we sank all four and lost only one planes luck plans codes drama Spruance, Nimitz, etc plus Aleutian Islands (of Alaska) attacked just ahead Midway was diversion, which was fairly effective chilliness, brutal fighting over frozen, barren islands, but were US territorial dominion like Hawaii pp. 39-841 Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their taste to control much of the Pacific when they over extended themselves instead of digging in consolidating their gains p. 839 Japanese victories in Pacific up through first 6 months extended down to Dutch East Indies (for oil), atomic number 34 Asia (for rubber), including Burma and Thailand into parts of China, the Filipinos, the Marianas such as Guam, the Gilbets, the Marshalls, the Solomons, the Aleutians, Korea and Manchuria, Okinawa, invasio n of Iwo Jima, etc- They held it for about 6 months after Pearl Harbor forward Allied advances began.In waging war against Japan, the USA relied mainly on a strategy of (leapfrogging and) island-hopping across the South (and Central) Pacific while by-passing Japanese strongholds (whenever possible but not always Ex. Philippines Pelelieu Aleutians) MacArthur/US Army Halsey in South USMC Nimitz/Spruance in Central Pacific All strategies considered implemented in some fashion heavy barrage from Chinese air bases, invading SE Asia Burma, fortifying China transporting supplies from India over the Hump of the Himalayas, turning Japanese flanks in New Guinea (MacArthur) Alaska (Aleutians) * All were done but priority was put on USN, US Army, USMC, USAAC (USAF), USCG in two prong drive across south central Pacific with Adm.Nimitz calling the shots Conquest of Guam (Marianas Tinian Saipan too) in 1944 was especially critical, b/c from there (the Marianas) the USA could c onduct round-trip bombing raids (B-29s) on Japanese home islands entirely a cruddy volcanic sulfur-smelling small island with large 500 foot hill on its southwestern corner on it called Iwo Jima was in the way could notify Japan that bombers were coming plus many damaged bombers indispensable the lively air strip on the island for emergency landings so in Feb of 1945, USMC began its biggest, most-distinguished battle lasting 36 days in Hell before the island was completely secure giving us two flag raisings on Mt. Suribachi the 2nd becoming mayhap the most famous photograph in the entire world Semper Fi, Do or Die, Gung Ho affiliate won Battle of Atlantic by escorting convoys of merchants (and military) vessels (not using convoy system initially) Ex. Carrier other Task Forces, dropping depth charges from destroyers, bombing submarine (U-boat) bases (Ex. located in France), deploying new technology of RADAR At wars end, U-boat crews are in a very deadly branch of volun tarily service still got volunteers up until the end 4 out of 5 U-boaters die by late 1944 Adm Downitz asked for more before war didnt get them, used convoy system w/ destroyer escorts depth charges RADAR (B-24s B-25s, other planes as sub hunters) SONAR Enigma code machine codes (read Japanese codes in Pacific too) US subs shed dozens of ships (especially in Pacific), But what about organizing wolf packs (which are German U-boats) to chase down German U-boats (submarines)? *** Battle of the Atlantic Most important battle in Western EuropeUntil Spring 1943, perhaps Hitlers greatest opportunities of defeating Britain winning the war was the German U-boat would destroy Allied shipping (which it was meteoric than ships could be built early in war) Hitlers advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of Stalingrad, after which, his fortunes gradually declined * Leningrad, Kursk, Red Army, Counter-Offensives pp. 841-842 Monte gambling casino in Italy Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 b/c of British reluctance (b/c of the majority of troops would be supplied by them that early in the war) lack of adequate resources * Wed have gotten our butts handed to us by the Germans as indeed we did actually until 1943 we needed to learn how to fight Stalin was angry we left his country to suffer while we lagged in opening a second front n France to relieve the USSR cannot blame him entirely FDRs promise to the Soviets to open a second front in Western Europe by end of 1942 was utterly impossible to maintain (just not ready for the undertaking sincerely) * So USSR got pounded through most of 1942 before it went on the offensive in 1943 and until the end of the war really meanwhile, the Allies invaded North Africa, then Sicily, then up the boot of Italy before two major invasions of France in June Aug of 1944 Allied demand for unconditional abdicate was criticized mainly by opponents who believ ed that such a surrender would encourage the enemy to resist as long as possible (but USA also did this to show a ommitment to USSR as an Ally against Germany to avoid a separate peace as in WWI) FDRs Churchills insistence on the absolute and unconditional surrender of Germany at last intricate the problems of postwar reconstruction Chronology Casablanca, Morocco Jan 1943 FDR Churchill meet Pacific strategy, Sicily, Italy, unconditional surrender p. 842, (Cairo, Egypt before Teheran w/FDR Churchill discourse Chiang Mao vs. Japanese in China), then Teheran, Iran (Persia at the time) Nov 28th Dec 1st, 1943 plans for W E attacks on Germany p. 844 FDR, Churchill, Stalin, Potsdam, Germany July 1945 Truman, Churchill, Stalin Potsdam Declaration how to end war post-war plans p. 851 Chronology Invasion of (Sicily and) Italy (1943), D- solar day/Normandy invasion (June 6th, 1944), VE Day 5/8/45 my puzzle turned 6 years old (my father turned 6 years old 10 days later) she had two brothers in this war (others in Korea Vietnam) one would come home from Europe w/2 Purple Hearts served under Patton in N Africa was at the place his eye was intermission out of his head attached by the optic nerve they saved his eye but the war messed the young man up for the rest of his life mentally carrying the burdens of death her other brother was in Pacific he would not come home until Japan was beaten VJ Day 8/15/45 Japans surrender was 8/14/45 official surrender on lard of battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay was 9/2/45 WWII was finally over after many deaths military ivilian (WWII began in 1931-37 in Asia, Sept 1939 in Europe, Dec 1941 for USA in Pacific) Major consequence of Allied conquest of Sicily in Aug 1943 was overthrow of Mussolini (first of two times) and (eventually) Italys surrender o Italians surrender quicker than the French At least they claim to be lovers not fighters but the Romans hard put a foot in and/or up ones booty i n battle as a vicious warrior empire known for organization in fighting by and by Italian surrender in Aug 1943, Germans poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance (really until the end of the war in Northern Italy also harsh to Italians for switching sides) Real impact of the Italian front on WWII may have been that it decelerate the D-Day invasion allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into E Europe (iron curtain) relentless fighting in Italy Ex pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Audie Murphy was in Italy, France, Germany 442nd Nisei were in Italy, France, Germany US First Army The Big Red One Tuskegee airmen (99th squadron of 332nd fighter group)Italians switched sides Germans reinforced personal credit liney battles b/c of terrain Ex. Anzio * I disagree w/this Italy was a vital valuable front perhaps managed poorly, but infallible At the wartime conference in Teheran, Iran (Persia) (11-28 thru 12-1-43) (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) plans were made for op ening a 2nd front in Europe p. 844 was Sicily Italy before France Stalin still not happy Cross Channel (English Channel) invasion of Normandy (in NW France) to open a 2nd front in Europe was commanded by Gen Dwight David Eisenhower (future chairwoman) Ike West Point, Aide of MacArthur, Bonus Army, North Africa, capital political general needed for this command to deal w/ the prima- onnas US Gen Patton and British Gen Montgomery (Monty) plus other issues he was the right man for the job although many disagreed about that at the time ***** Normandy/D-Day June 6th, 1944 (operation Overlord) gap 5 beaches Monty, Bradley, Patton diversion pointed at Calais, French Underground, Airborne/Gliders/Paratroopers, Rangers, Amphibious, Air Superiority, Mulberry Harbors, Strategy, Hedgerows, Engineers, Etc (Saving Private Ryan, The Longest Day) In a sense, FDR was the forgotten man at the Democratic Convention of 1944 b/c so much attention was focused on who would be VP (Truman Sen fro m MO political machine failed in business US Army rtillery Major in WWI ) (VP former Sec of Ag Henry Wallace pushed out) (FDR in poor health) ** FDR complained of a headache and then shortly thereafter died from cerebral hemorrhage sitting for a portrait in Warm Springs, GA (where his health spa for his rehab for polio was) on April 12th, 1945 funeral train some people had really only known FDR as president, now Truman was the great unknown trying to replace FDR Eleanor said to Harry, The president is dead. Truman replied, Is there anything I can do for you. Mrs Roosevelt responded, Oh no, is there anything that we can do for you, youre the one who is in trouble now. FDR won 1944 election primarily b/c war was going well by Nov 1944 (many thought it was all but officially won and over) Action by USA against Adolf Hitlers campaign of genocide against the Jews was reprehensively slow in coming Did not admit large numbers of refugees to USA, nor bomb RR lines at death camps USA did know Govt knew for sure since 1942 when final solution was implemented US govt knew before if they chose to believe it (plus Mein Kampf, Hitlers book), not major reason at all really that USA fought WWII like Civil War sort of in that abolition of slavery was a byproduct that many Federal/Union soldiers did not realize they were fighting for at the beginning of the war, nor would many of them fought for that ensample anywaymy opinionso you know its correct ( Hitlers last ditch contract to achieve victory against the USA British (plus other Allies) came in Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944-Jan 1945) My uncle FL was there got that nasty eye wound Hurtgen Forrest (When Trumpets Fade) before Bulge near Achaen in W Germany almost on Belgian border brutal mine fields slaughter overshadowed by Bulge so more often than not forgotten Bulge why its called the Battle of the Bulge weather secrecy push through weak Ardennes Malmady Mr. High casualties 76,000 US worst b attle in US history (Okinawa close, Gettysburg too) Germans lost 140,000+ cold no air cover for weeks Bastogne 101st Airborne (Band of Brothers) 101st at Normandy, Market garfishden, Bastogne, Hitlers double birdies Nest Patton 3rd Army costly choice to push bulge back kinda than pinch it (liposuction) air cover returns push to the Rhine USSR pushing from the East USSR in Berlin brutalAs depart of Battle of Leyte Gulf Japan was finished a s a naval power (Philippines 1944 largest naval battle ever Halsey Taffy 3 Kamikazes Yamato) Philippines fell 500 POWs rescued at Cabanatuan (The Great Raid) hold outs in to 1970s Iwo Jima and Okinawa and Japanese home islands left to take to end Pacific war ***** War of corrasion in Pacific to the death rarely took prisoners on either side unless want information Potsdam league issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender of face a rain of ruin from the air Its already go about a rain of ruin from the air as did Germa n cities p. 851 Potsdam Conference (Truman told Stalin of massive weapon to use on Japan Stalin not surprised (b/c he knew from spies already) told Truman to use it promised to enter war in Pacific as he had agreed to earlier entered war 8/8/45, day before 2nd A-bomb on Nagasaki that time, Hiroshima the first on 8/6/45) Total unconditional surrender or be destroyed threat of more bombing not specific as to use of an atomic bomb more bombing so what already taking that Spending of enormous sums of money on the original (to be used against Germany) atomic (nuclear) bomb project (Manhattan Project) was spurred by the belief that the American public would not tolerate the (massive) casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan (***** Much much Complex Than That ***** Letter c in the answer choices The Japanese were (still) at work (and more successful than Germans who tried heavy water in Norway but suffered to sabotage attacks one at the plant, the other ch ange posture a ferry w/the heavy water on board still at pot of the lake in Norway) on an atomic bomb of their own (claim to have detonated one in Manchuria) ***** Japanese had lots of weapons ready for the Final Battle or invasion of Japan, which was planned ready to go they also had chemical weapons from Shiro Ishis Unit 731 in Manchuria chemical biological weapons delivery systems Ex. High altitude balloons, flea bombs, etc- USA made post-war deal w/ the DevilNo war crimes trials for vivisections, experiments, infection of disease, anthrax, plague, etc The unconditional surrender policy toward Japan was finally modified by agreeing to let Japans Emperor Hirohito stay on the tail end (w/Democratic govt) * No war crimes trials for emperor Tojo took the fall for emperor no Shiro Ishi or members of Unit 731 impertinent Nazis let Japan have terms that Germany did not get then USA built up former enemies (W Germany Japan) into allies while former allies (USSRlt etc) b ecame enemies COLD WAR The following were qualities of US amour in WWIIA group of highly effective military political leaders, an enormously effective effort in producing weapons supplies (usually more, later, better equipment than enemies out produced the Axis), the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from air (small submarine skirmishes some off-shore shelling, some balloons w/explosives in 48 continental USA), the maintenance re-affirmation of strength of democracy, What about a higher % of military casualties than any other Allied nation (USA had least casualties of big ones USSR suffered more casualties than any country on either side) p. 27 FDR as all wise for Germany first strategy over those who disagree Pacific war always get ripped off p. 828 Allies Trade quadriceps for Time * German ( Japanese) scientists weapons A-Bombs pp. 829-832 The Shock of War pp. 830-831 Japanese-Am Internment (Farewell to Manzanar) Issei, Nisei, Exe c Order 9066 (100th/442nd) pp. 832-833 Building the War Machine * strikes Ex Coal Miners exploited, underpaid share profits Kaiser ship public figureing pp. 833-834 Man power Woman power Braceros (later deportations in Operation Wetback) Rosie (Wendy) day-cares p. 834 War migration map pp. 835-837 wartime migrations p. 835 Tuskegee Airmen photo p. 835 A Philip Randolph (Exec Order 8802) **** (Charles Drew Af-Am did first successful argumentation transfusion put in charge of Allied blood banks he was forced to segregate blood too his death outside a hospital after an accident died waiting for a blood tranfusion b/c white hospital would not admit him) p. 835 Double V, CORE 1942, NAACP membership increases p. 836 Comanche (Europe) Navajo (Pacific) code talkers pp. 836-837 Zoot Suit Riots in LA, CA 1943 Detroit, MI 1943 Sudden rubbing against one another of unfamiliar peoples produced some distressingly violent action. pp. 837-838 Holding the Homefront p. 837 National De bt Chart pp. 838-839 The Rising Sun in the Pacific p. 838 Map of Luzon, Bataan, Corrigador (Philippines) p. 838 (Mao and ) Chiang Kai-shek resist Japanese w/Allied help p. 38 Flying the Hump in Himalayas (b/c of Burma Road Merrils Mauraders Gen Stillwell) p. 838 ill-trained Filipinos, MacArthur holds fast delays Japanese Bataan Death March (POW rescue) p. 839 Japans High lunar time period at Midway (plus Aleutians) pp. 839-841 American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo (island-hopping leapfrogging like blitzkrieg Pacific style) * Book does opposite of Europe First strategy of Allies Guam (Saipan suicides), Marianas Turkey Shoot F6F Hellcat kill ratio 6-20-44 Battle of Philippine Sea massive Japanese losses p. 840 Map of Pacific War p. 841 Churchill The Hun is always either at you throat or at your feet. pp. 841-842 The Allied Halting of Hitler p. 41 Battle of the Atlantic U-boats, destroyers, RADAR, SONAR, Enigma, New U-boats (not bounteous early in war Downitz) no sub can s tay under indefinitely b/c food is limitation (U-571) pp. 842-843 A Second Front from North Africa to Rome p. 842 USSR lost 20 million pp. 842-843 unconditional surrender debate results pp. 843-846 D-Day June 6th, 194p. 845 Examining the Evidence Teheran 1943 Overlord Discussion (* Dieppe in France) p. 844 Ike elect to command D-Day invasion (feignt w/Patton at Calais codes, underground, paratroopers, Rangers, 5 beaches, air power, Mulberry harbors, etc) p. 846 D-Day (Agincourt 1415 officer recited Shakespeare) in picture caption p. 846 Aug 1944 invasion of S France (A Murphy) pp. 846-847 FDR Four Termite of 1944 p. 47 Focus on VP Truman on Sen perpetration for Wasteful Spending told to stop investigating Manhattan Project he later learns it was nuclear Bombs p. 848 FDR defeats Dewey FDR had Rep possess newspapers against him again p. 848 Quote from Congresswoman Clare Booth Luce He lied us into war because he did not have the political courage to lead us into it. pp. 848-849 The Last Days of Hitler p. 849 Map of Battle of the Bulge * 76,000 casualties worst US battle ever so far * Okinawa Gettysburg were both very bad too Bulge mistakes p. 848 bombings pp. 848-849 (Remagen) Rhine River crossing into Germany p. 849 Holocaust camps liberated horrors known now for all (unit 731 in Manchuria) p. 849 FDRs deathVE Day 5-8-45 pp. 49-851 Japan Dies Hard US subs sinking Japanese ships cutting off Japans vital lifeline sank 1. 042 ships 50% of Japans merchant fleet p. 850 Bombings in Japan Ex. Tokyo 3/9-10/1945 83,000 KIA p. 850 Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, Pkinawa short-changed as usual by textbooks that suck Iwo Jima 6,000 KIA not 4,000 Okinawa 50,000 US casualties (KIA, WIA, MIA, POW) Okinawa, Japanese had 200,000 military civilian casualties p. 851 2nd Flag Raising (Flags of Our Fathers, Letters from Iwo Jima, The Sands of Iwo Jima) p. 851 Kamikazes (Saipan Leyte, then Iwo Okinawa worst of all no Final Battle wouldve been worst) They had lo ts stored up for the Final Battle pp. 851-853 Atomic Bombs p. 52 Hiroshima picture post-bomb on 8-6-45 180,000 KIA, WIA, MIA 70,000 KIA instantly 60,000 died later from radiation, etc p. 852 USSR enters war in Pacific on 8-8-45 day before Nagasaki 8-9-45 KIA of 40,000 instantly, more later USSR invaded Manchuria North Korea (not a country split N S until 1950) 8-14-45 Japan surrendered 8-15-45 VJ Day official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri (Big Mo) on 9/2/45 w/MacArthur , etc pp. 853-854 The Allies Triumphant p. 853 US casualties 1 million 1/3rd KIA plasma, penicillin, (quanine for malaria), etc. (medics, corpsman, doctors, nurses) USSR lost 20 million plus more casualties 13. 6 million military killed plus 7. 2 million civilians killed plus up to 30 million more wounded and refugees p. 853 US attacked on W microscope slide Ex balloons w/bombs, etc.. submarines on both coasts p. 853 In the end, the US showed itself to be resourceful, tough, and adaptable to acco mmodate itself to the play of an enemy who was relentless and ruthless. Kind of funny given US history dont you mobilize? p. 854 VJ Day 8-15-45 image p. 854 production marvels won war through production more of everything then eventually better more Churchill Nothing succeeds like excess. Herman Goering (Head of German air force/Luftwaffe Americans cant build planes only electric ice boxes and razor blades. Goering also said that the P-51 Mustang (US fighter plane) won the war for the Allies p. 854 But the American people preserved their precious liberties without serious impairment. What would Zinn say? Is this a reference to loss of liberties during WWI Espionage and Sedition Acts? What would enemy aliens and citizens interned during the war say? Ex. Italian German internment Japanese-American internment p. 854 Chronology p. 855 World War II Triumph or Tragedy? Post-war scholarship was to avoid isolationist appeasement in chilly War other paralleled 1930s revision ist of post-WWI said US should have stayed out made it worse Another thought FDR was naive isolationistOthers thought FDR was a calculating interventionist Another focused on Atomic Bombs controversy racism issue or timing b/c Germans were beaten already Gar Alperovitz said bomb was used to scare USSR hurry surrender MartinJ. Sherwin said we dropped A-bombs when ready to end was ASAP w/bonus of scaring USSR ***** Textbook ignores Rises to Power of Totalitarian leaders like Stalin (communist), Mussolini (fascist), Hitler (fascist), Japans warmonger govt w/emporer Hirohito led by Tojo early in war he took the fall It does not explain the role of the emperor in Japans govt Battle of Berlin brutal pay back refugees rapes POWs Hitlers death