Examine the development and effects of the relationship between Pip Ess

Examine the ontogeny and effects of the relationship betwixt Pipand EstellaPip and Estellas story is not about living happily ever after.Dickens never tells us what happens, if anything, between them in theend. He leaves it only that they remain friends. There is a conceptionfor this. Dickens novel is about Pips quest for Estellas roll in the hay andwhat he is willing to do to gain it. I depend that the story is neverabout the love itself. We can see this because in the majority of thestory, Estella is only present in Pips bosom and thoughts. The actualinteraction between the characters Dickens keeps at a minimum. To contrivethis a love story, the characters would have to carry out some sort of winning affection towards each other, which they dont do, although Ido believe that Pip loves Estella still she thinks it is impossible thatshe will ever love, and so does not ever like the brain of Pipsaffection as a friend she repeatedly warns him off. I think that mostof us regard a woman without feeling, who torments others, withdisapproval, but it is not Estellas faul... Examine the development and effects of the relationship between Pip EssExamine the development and effects of the relationship between Pipand EstellaPip and Estellas story is not about living happily ever after.Dickens never tells us what happens, if anything, between them in theend. He leaves it only that they remain friends. There is a purposefor this. Dickens novel is about Pips quest for Estellas love andwhat he is willing to do to gain it. I think that the story is neverabout the love itself. We can see this because in the majority of thestory, Estella is only present in Pips heart and thoughts. The actualinteraction between the characters Dickens keeps at a minimum. To makethis a love story, the characters would have to carry out some sort ofloving affection towards each other, which they dont do, although Ido believe that Pip loves Estella but she thinks it is impossib le thatshe will ever love, and so does not ever like the idea of Pipsaffection as a friend she repeatedly warns him off. I think that mostof us regard a woman without feeling, who torments others, withdisapproval, but it is not Estellas faul...

Bad Euthyphro :: essays research papers

Bad EuthyphroEuthyphro did not act pious toward his father at all. If he had been trying to be a pious human he would to think deeper in to what he did. Euthyphro turned in his father for killing unmatchable man, but he only satisfied one part of being a pious person. According to the American Heritage Dictionary being a pious person has devotion and severance towards his god and family. Euthypro only pleased his god by bring conscionableice towards his father. He maimed his family and betrayed them. Being attentive towards his own family name Euthyphro only considered him and his money. He only wanted vengeance over the mans death.Looking for revenge never brings any thing good binding only bad memories and shame. When Euthyphro found step to the fore about his workers death he was mad. Nobody can blame him for it but he acted so abruptly and we out purpose he jumped to accuse his father for the murder. He was so quick to blame his father he refused to stop and think. If he had thought about the repercussions that where deprivation to happen, he would of realized that his family name would be put to more shame. One must also remember what era this story is been told. During the time murder was just another thing that happened daily in the streets. The time that this all takes place is at a time in the worlds history that viciousness was still part of the society. The only difference between the ear of Socrates, and todays society is the acceptance of some crimes. When Euthyphros father killed his hired hand, he still had a just reason for doing so. The two main ways to have a pious soul is by having devotion to god and family. Euthyphro showed obviously that he denied honoring his family. It is hard to prove that he did not show devotion to his god. He showed that he felt there was a need for justice. Even thought he went and told on his father, he for goad his own mistakes by sending someone who might be able to kill another.

Edgar Allan Poe :: essays research papers fc

Quoth the Raven, Nevermore.Excerpt from The Raven     Grief, revenge, and unsurpassed sorrow. Few authors can double over these feelings as well as Edgar Allan Poe. The Raven, Lenore, and Annabel Lee all refer to an instance where the narrator is grieving over a lost loved one.       tick off on yon drear and rigid bier low lies thy love, Lenore Come let the burial rite be read- the funeral song be sung- An anthem for the queenliest deceased that ever died so young- A dirge for her the doubly dead in that she died so young. (Lenore)Poe spent close to of his life grieving for lost loved ones. His origin wife Virginia Clemm died five years into their marriage of tuberculosis. Poe endured many tragedies and his poetry reflects his agony and torture.Prophet said I, thing of evil- prophet still, if bird or devilBy that Heaven bends above us- by that God we both adoreTell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn,It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name LenoreClasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name LenoreQuoth the Raven, Nevermore.(The Raven)As the reading above indicates, Poe grieved continuously end-to-end his life for his sainted Lenore. He wrote numerous poems before and after the death of Virginia Clemm to her. Annabel Lee was actually written before the death of Virginia as a emblem of his undying love for her.      Poe wrote over 120 poems and is known very well for his morbid and grievous writings.      "Poe was born a poet, his mind is stamped with the impress of genius. He is, perhaps, the most original writer that ever existed in America. Delighting in the wild and visionary, his mind penetrates the inmost recesses of the human soul, creating vast and magnificent dreams, eloquent fancies and terrible mysteries. Again, he indulges in a felicitous vein of humor, that copies no writer in the language, and yet strikes the reader wi th the genuine impression of refined wit and yet again, he constructs much(prenominal) works as Arthur Gordon Pym, which disclose perceptive powers that rival De Foe, combined with an analytical depth of reasoning in no manner inferior to Godwin or Brockden Brown."(George Lippard, Citizen Soldier)Poe has master the element of manipulation. His poems and other works have manipulated the minds of his readers.

uncertainty in our life Essays -- essays research papers

After learning the concept of post-modernism in class and doing some research on the internet, I have a rough idea of what the postmodernism is. In this essay I go away discuss the postmodern elements in the movie authorise Lola Run. By watching this movie, I think that Run Lola Run is a movie which is fast paced, exciting and attractive. Moreover, it offers three segments, each comprising the same story, but told in contrasting ways which in my opinion makes this movie rather different from other common movies and the uncertainty of the postmodernism view of life obvious.First of all, the movie has an unusual opening. When the movie begins, there are just many mickle on the veil and I cannot find any clue to the plot or the setting. However, I think this opening arrangements Bonnycastles idea of postmodernism which is it is hard to spot what you might encounter next or what kind of transaction might be expected of you (Bonnycastle 232) in other words, I think the opening wa nts to show us there are various people on the earth, and their fate and destiny are different. After this unusual opening, the main characters Manni and Lola appear on the screen however, after they finish their phone call, I understand what has happened. In addition, Lola has a mere 20 minutes to get a large amount of gold to her boyfriend so that he will not be killed by his boss. In fact, it seems impossible to do such a thing in 20 minutes however, I think this is what the audiences will find the most attractive. In addition, I guess the director wants each member of the audiences to imagine the next 20 minutes in their own mind before they see the endpoint of the movie. However, I am sure that each persons ending will be different as this is a meditateion of the uncertainty of the postmodernist view of life. Consequently, the first part of the movie only interests me in what will be going on in the next 20 minutes.After Lola hangs up the phone, the movie shows Lola running. The movie uses rapid camera movements and accompanies by a pulse-pounding soundtrack to make me discover Lola with every turn she runs. With the movie goes on, I feel that the main characters Lola and Manni do not fit stereotypical gender roles in this movie. As Bonnycastle says you may be uncertain about the sex of some of the people who surround you, and about how much p... ... however, sometimes we never care about the tiny changes but it does reflect the uncertainty of postmodernism view of life. In this movie, not only the main characters lives but also all the characters lives show the uncertainty of postmodernism view of life. In each section Lola passes by the same bystanders. For example, the old woman, nuns and man on bike, their lives are changed in different ways. Moreover, in the last section of the movie, I feel the result is evoke and give audiences a surprise. In the first two section of the movie, one of Lola and Manni will die at the end, but last section ends with a comedy. Manni finds his disconnected money from the beggar however, Lola wins 100,000 marks in the Casino. This ending seems perfect, and it shows that the life is changeful. From the changes in different section of the movie, it gives me a feeling about that our life is full of uncertainties. apiece of the same characters in the movie has several different results and this obviously reflects the ideas of the postmodernism view of life. After I watched this movie, I am thinking of one problem, what will the result be in my life when there are various uncertainties ahead?

Dune Essay -- essays research papers

DuneThis book all started with the family Atreides landing on plant Arrakis,normally k straightn as Dune. The planet Dune was the centre of the universe due toits immense amounts of spice. This spice is greatly needed for all planets asfuel and for huffy materials. The family Atreides were asked by Emperor himselfto go and mine the spice on the planet. Their greatest enemy the Harkonnens,were also on Dune. These two families mining the precious spice on the sameplant would lead to great troubles and wars.Soon after that, I was introduced to a very brave and insightful youngman. The young man is capital of Minnesota Atreides. Paul is medium height with short, blackhair. His mother Jessica is a Bene Gesserit that message she knows the weirdingway. This means Jessica is trained to kill and is also trained as a mastermindreader. She is very tall and beautiful and is always concerned with the actionsof Paul, the future ruler of the galaxy.Jessicas teacher, the Reverend Mother heard of Paul and thought that hemight be the great leader that the prophets told of. The Reverend Mother cameto Dune and tested Paul to see if this was so. Paul underwent great pain andsuffering but passed the tests with the highest reverence. Duke Leto, Paulsfather now came into the picture. He was the leader of the Atreides Family. Heseemed very established and perceptive. The Atreides family represent goodand honesty while their enemies, the Harkonnens, were ruthless killers.The Harkonnen home planet, Gedi Prime was very desolate and dark. Itrepresented the immorality and darkness within the Harkonnens. Their leaderBaron Vladimir Harkonnen was very obese and inhuman. He killed his own slavesfor fun and hated the Atreides with a passion. He hated their peace-loving andhonest ways. Most of all he despised their coming to Dune. This Harkonnenleader appeared the typical tyrant leader. Vladimir Harkonnens most trustedsolider Feyd-Rautha was also like him except his animal(prenominal) appe arance was that ofideal shape and form.Back at the Atreides base more characters are introduced to me. Theyare Duncan Idaho who was the personal trainer for Paul Atreides, Dr. Yeuh whowas a good superstar of the Duke and later was found out to be a traitor, andThufir... ... understand the characters and their emotions with morecomprehension. There were many themes in Dune such as you shall get yourjust deserves. This means that what you have done to others shall be doneback to you in full. The Harkonnens army combined with the Emperors attackedand beat the Atreides. Paul in turn strikes back with brute tear that manyhave not seen throughout their existence. The Harkonnens and the Emperor wereannihilated and Pauls vengeance was paid. I must say that this science fictionbook did create a sense of reality meaning that this situation could happen inthe future. A boy or girl born in the future who is destined to be the almightyruler. He/she will guide us out of depression and into a n ew era of peace andprosperity. Their may be truth to this tier and one day a fight between goodand evil may come to reality.Dune is the typical Good guys vs. Bad guys theme. The Atreides are atwar with the Harkonnens and the good always win (as you already know.) Althoughthis plot is really used too much Frank Herbert did an excellent job to disguisethis fact. He blended this into a great story line of action packed adventureand dreams of the future.

Dune Essay -- essays research papers

DuneThis book all(a) started with the family Atreides landing on plant Arrakis,commonly known as Dune. The artificial satellite Dune was the centre of the universe due toits immense amounts of spice. This spice is peachyly needed for all planets asfuel and for raw materials. The family Atreides were asked by Emperor himselfto go and mine the spice on the planet. Their greatest enemy the Harkonnens,were also on Dune. These two families mining the precious spice on the sameplant would engage to great troubles and wars.Soon after that, I was introduced to a very brave and insightful youngman. The young man is Paul Atreides. Paul is medium flush with short, blackhair. His mother Jessica is a Bene Gesserit that means she knows the weirdingway. This means Jessica is trained to kill and is also trained as a mindreader. She is very tall and pulchritudinous and is continuously concerned with the actionsof Paul, the future ruler of the galaxy.Jessicas teacher, the clergyman Mother hear d of Paul and thought that hemight be the great leader that the prophets told of. The Reverend Mother cameto Dune and tested Paul to see if this was so. Paul underwent great pain andsuffering but passed the tests with the highest reverence. Duke Leto, Paulsfather now came into the picture. He was the leader of the Atreides Family. Heseemed very established and perceptive. The Atreides family represented goodand honesty while their enemies, the Harkonnens, were ruthless killers.The Harkonnen home planet, Gedi Prime was very desolate and dark. Itrepresented the immorality and darkness deep down the Harkonnens. Their leaderBaron Vladimir Harkonnen was very obese and inhuman. He killed his own slavesfor fun and hated the Atreides with a passion. He hated their peaceful andhonest ways. Most of all he despised their coming to Dune. This Harkonnenleader appeared the typical tyrant leader. Vladimir Harkonnens most trustedsolider Feyd-Rautha was also like him except his physical appearance was that ofideal work on and form.Back at the Atreides base more characters are introduced to me. Theyare Duncan Idaho who was the personal trainer for Paul Atreides, Dr. Yeuh whowas a good friend of the Duke and later was found pop out to be a traitor, andThufir... ... understand the characters and their emotions with morecomprehension. There were many themes in Dune such as you shall get yourjust deserves. This means that what you have done to others shall be doneback to you in full. The Harkonnens army combined with the Emperors attackedand beat the Atreides. Paul in turn strikes back with brute force that manyhave non seen throughout their existence. The Harkonnens and the Emperor wereannihilated and Pauls vengeance was paid. I must say that this science fictionbook did create a sense of reality import that this situation could happen inthe future. A boy or girl born in the future who is destined to be the almightyruler. He/she go forth guide us out of depression and into a new era of peace andprosperity. Their may be truth to this story and one day a fight between goodand evil may come to reality.Dune is the typical Good guys vs. Bad guys theme. The Atreides are atwar with the Harkonnens and the good always win (as you already know.) Althoughthis plot is really used too much Frank Herbert did an excellent job to disguisethis fact. He blended this into a great story line of action packed adventureand dreams of the future.

Finance Project

Note Below are some of the topics of projects for example only. You whitethorn visit the organization and the guide (Manager from the particular Organization may suggest you some suitable topic related to the Organization) Suggested topics are get a lines topics for MBA but are non limited to Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 despatch Topics PROJECT TOPICS FOR HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT A translate of performance appraisal / performance management system in XYZ organization Assessment of role stress amongst the employees of XYZ organization Job satisfaction abide by at XYZ organization Competency mapping in an organization Training effectiveness in an organization Study of organizational culture OCTAPACE profile. Motivational psychoanalysis of organization A comparative study of team effectives in an organization Team effectiveness assessment measure.A study of Compensation Management scheme A detailed study of promotion and reward policy of organi zation A study of quality of work life in an organization. Mapping nurture need of employees Training Need Analysis PROJECT TOPICS RELATED TO MARKETING Formulation of merchandise Strategies to Improve Market Share of LG Microwave Ovens Improving the speciality & Efficiency of Operations at Cox & Kings India Ltd. Demand Forecasting for Orion-ERP Package for ICICI Infotech in Bangalore, based on Small & Medium Enterprises. Developing a help Delivery Model to bridge the gap between dish ups expected & provided by ICICI Home Loans.Strategies for Increasing the Occupancy Rate of the Taj West End Hotel, Bangalore A Market Feasibility Study for New X-ray Machines from Wipro-GE Medical Systems Distribution Mapping & Dealer Satisfaction Survey for Nokia Mobile Phones. A Study of Marketing Strategies & Distribution Channels in North Karnataka for Cholamandalam enthronisation & Finance Company Ltd. A Study to improve Awareness level of Triraksha Welfare Scheme among farmers for Tractors & parent Equipment Ltd A Study to increase Penetration Level & Brand Loyalty among existing consumers of Samsung India Electronics Ltd. 3 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 PROJECTS TOPICS RELATED TO FINANCE The study on Indian Financial System post liberalization The impact of Global recession on learning Technology sector in India The impact of recent global economic slump on Indian capital market A comparative study of bancassurance products in banks A Comparative study of Equity linked Savings Schemes floated by domestic Mutual fund players.A Comparative Study of constitute of capital in Automobile /Steel/Pharma/Finance industry A comparative study of Finance performance of banks using various ratios. gainfulness and Operational Efficiency of Public Sector banks Profitability and Operational Efficiency of banks in India A study of working capital management in bitty scale industries The scope of Mic rofinance in Indian context. Financial Inclusion- The scope and effect in Indian economy Rural banking in India Dematerialization The scope and effect.The future of Investment banks in the post Lehman Brothers era PROJECTS TOPICS RELATED TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS Role of software agents as a collaborative tool-Ecommerce Hospital Management System-Database Approach, Mangala hospital, Hassan Automation of Banking database, XYZ Bank. Automation of client Relation Database, A SAP Product A study on Electronic data storage- Steel factory, Mumbai A webpage design using JAVA-Google page controls topics for MBA Project Management Application of Project Management Processes to the Global Product Development System TRIZ applied in Product Development Project Prioritization.Project make up Estimation Virtual Project Management Continuous Business Process Improvement (CBPI) Force Field Analysis Information Risk Management SEI CMM & ISO software documentation Recent Revolutions in Project Man agement modern Trends in Project Management Perception Knowledge Management in Project Management Project Management Application Softwares Project Risk Management Project Administration Project Feasibility Studies Importance of Human Resource Management in Project Management.Projects topics for MBA Operations Management Concepts and Techniques related to materials management 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Computer and Quantitative models used in formulating managerial problems. Concepts and Techniques of Value Analysis to effectively control costs. Deterministic and Stochastic inventory models. Just In cartridge clip employment. Logistics Management. Project Scheduling. Manufacturing strategy. Site and Location Analysis.Application of Quantitative Analysis and Computers for managerial decision making in operations problems. A study on tools and techniques (e. g. , CPM and PERT) create to aid the planning, scheduling, and control of projects. Quality issues related to enhancing customer satisfaction (both internal and external) to ensure long-term customer loyalty. Ethical Issues in Operations Management Studies and conclusions of McGregor, Maslow, Herzburg, Likert, Aggyris, and Blake on Operations Management Behavioral Science.The use of material and supply chain management in manufacturing and service organizations to reduce inventory levels while providing adequate service to customers. Problems encountered in planning, operating, and controlling production of goods and services Tools in project management A study on the methods of planning, organizing, and controlling maintenance. A study on Production and inventory control, procurement, distribution, and their interrelationships.A study on Total Quality Management, human resources, finance and accounting, information systems, and their interrelationships Investigation into computerized production technology Study on comprise layout design depending on ty pe of production system. Flexible Manufacturing Systems Computer Integrated Manufacturing Workforce Management Work study, Method Study and Time Study Modern Trends in Project Management

A Synopsis of Christopher Taggi’s Movie 95 Essay

Renowned American film producer Cecil B. DeMille once said, What I have crossed out I didnt like. What I havent crossed out Im displease with. (Cecil B. DeMille Quotes. brainyquote.com. Brainy Quote, n.d. Web. 05 Oct.2012.) This persistent emotional stateing of dissatisfaction is suggested in Christopher Taggis 95, in which the protagonist is discontent with his underway life condition and keeps driving on the highway to look for amend opportunities. In fact, the author points out that in contemporary society people ar dissatisfied because of their insatiable desire for wanting more than. This sad reality is illustrated by the protagonists parents, who are constantly moving from one place to other to try gamble opportunies, the protagonist Hank himself, who desires more than what he already has, and the highway that symbolizes peoples aeonian demand.The unfortunate fact of people feeling dissatisfied because of their avaricious desires is demonstrated by the word picture o f Hanks parents. When Hank was young, he and his parents were continually moving from here to in that respect. His parents were never satisfied with what they had and were always looking for opportunities that would give them better jobs and make them wealthier and happier. From Hanks descriptions of his father touching things absently (4) and his eyes clouded with the nowhere stare, (4) the author suggests that his father doesnt enjoy his life. Also, when they stopped for food during gondola car trips, Hank noticed that his father would only have a glass of water.Even if his father explained that No sense in buying something you dont feel like eating, (4) Hank knew that his parents were poor. This justifies his parents motivation of constantly moving. His father also used to say Opportunity, it makes people rich, makes people famous. All you have to do is go out there and find it. (4) Contrary to what his parents believed, even after all the years of searching, they never found t he right opportunity and obtained what they wanted. This suggests that Hanks parents, like many people in modern society, will not find happiness because they live with insatiable desires and therefore will not get the feeling of satisfaction in their lives.The characterization of Hank himself also shows how people in the contemporary society always want more. For example, when Hank woke up from his dream rough his socks, he realized that nothing good or special or wonderful has happened to him. (7) This shows that Frank is idealistic and has superfluous expectations in life. Also, Hank has a nice fille who cares to the highest degree him and loves him, but he still thinks about how he would leave her even though there are no reasons for him to do so. When his girlfriend asks him if he was happy, he says, Sometimes I am. Mostly, I take a chance I just feel like I cant be really happy. Just missing something important. (7)Another passage would be when his girlfriend asked him if he likes her, he answeredsometimes I like you and maybe I think I even love you a little. And sometimes I dislike you. (7) We can see that Hank is uncertain about his feelings for his girlfriend and if she is the person that he wants to be with. Those are typical examples of a person who is not sure about what he wants and believes that there is always something better waiting for him. The thing that is missing for Hank is simply appreciating what he already possesses. From this reasoning, it is clear that great numbers of people from the ordinal century are just like Hank, they cant find happiness simply because they are insatiable.The highway is an important symbol used by the author to signify the notion that contemporary people are dissatisfied and always want more. Hank and his parents used to drive on the highway because they wanted more than what they have and the highway offered opportunities. When Hank is driving with his girlfriend on the highway, he sees many billboards that attract him. Especially one billboard on which was written LUCKY social lionS FIREWORK EMPORIUM, it boomed in explosive neon colors. LARGEST SUPPLY OF FIREWORKS IN ALL DIXIE FREE PARKING and DELICIOUS RESTAURANT. 20Ml. (4) However, when Hank finally gets there, all he finds is the emptiness of an abandoned place. He could see that the largest supply of fireworks in all of Dixie must have gone off simultaneously a big time ago.Only the charred, outer brick shell of the building remained. (5) This suggests that people like Hank, who always wish for more will often get disappointed by the reality and then again return to their initial state of dissatisfaction. The symbolism of the highway proves how people in contemporary society feel dissatisfied because of their everlasting demand. Thus, Christopher Taggis 95 suggests that people in the contemporary society are suffering from dissatisfaction. This is demonstrated by the characterization of Hanks parents, who always try to fin d a better life, Hank himself, who is never satisfied with what he already has and the highway that symbolizes how people believe that better things are waiting for them.Work CitedTaggi,Christopher. 95. Voices of the Xiled A genesis Speakers For Itself. Eds. Michael Wexler and John Hulme. New York Doubleday, 1994. 210-218. Print.Cecil B. DeMille Quotes. brainyquote.com. Brainy Quote, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012

Article Critique Essay

The thought that peer exclusion is correlated with s withstandrrens classroom achievements and adjustment has been hypothesized since the 1930s. Much research and empirical evidence for such hypotheses have since been collected, and seem to agree with the infix of the correlation. Peer acceptance is the main measurement of this nurture. In contrast with other types of peer relationships, peer group acceptance, or rejection, is strongly connected with academic readiness and achievement.This article focuses on peer sentiments and its effect on babyrens adjustment. It differs from past studies in that its approach is to measure non-observable feelings about classmates, rather than single the observable interactions. The article begins by outlining past research, and developing a premise for the correction from those previous studies. The main study that this research builds upon is that of a 2001 study by Eric S. Buhs and Gary W. Ladd, who also conduct this study along with Sarah L. Herald.The premise of the study, based on the 2001 study, is that once classmates express negative feelings and actions upon a peer, those feelings and actions act as a visible marker for further rejection by the larger peer group, and the rejected child as well as a result, the rejected peers are flagged by their peers, and are left out of classroom interactions, and as a consequence, the rejected childs learning is impacted ultimately leading to lower levels of achievement (Buhs, Ladd, and Herald, 2006, p. 2).The prior 2001 study found that early peer rejection was negatively related to later on achievement and that this association was partially mediated through peer maltreatment and declining classroom participation, respectively (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 2). The authors developed a venture that built upon their previous study. Their hypothesis was stated as, it was hypothesized that prolonged peer maltreatment increases the probability that children will disengage from clas srooms (or the school context of use) and that increasing withdrawal impairs childrens achievement.Thus, it was predicted that longer rather than shorter histories of peer maltreatment, after controlling for contemporary exclusion or abuse, would mediate the link between early peer rejection and later classroom disengagement (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The authors further state that their occasion for conducting this study was to bridge the gap between the limitations of the previous study (it was only a maven year study that attempted to predict students future outcomes) by conducting a more than comprehensive longitudinal study over a six year period (kindergarten through fifth grade).MethodologyThe research study constructed six variables to measure the children with. They include, peer group acceptance/rejection, peer exclusion, peer abuse, classroom participation, school avoidance, and achievement. Peer group acceptance/rejection was conceptualized to mean the extent to wh ich individuals were like/ disliked by classroom peers, and operationalized by sociometric ratings that were collected from peers during kindergarten. One problem with this operationalization is the ability to comprehensively scale the true feelings of one peer toward another, especially during younger years.Scales, questionnaires, and observations might be to a fault incomplete to capture the true meaning behind the dynamics of peer to peer interactions. Another issue is of how to evaluate reveal peer groups. Many times classrooms encompass only a selection of developed peer groupings throughout the grade, and might be unfairly balanced toward one group. An example of groupings would be defined by the terms, popular, punk, or nerds. The research might be biased toward one group, if only because they were over represented in a class room.The variable Peer Exclusion was conceptualized as the extent to which children were the target of peers nonaggressive rejecting behaviors, inc luding behaviors such as ignoring, avoiding, or refusing to associate with them in the classroom context (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The Variable Peer Abusethe second form of peer mistreatmentwas conceptualized to mean the extent to which children were recipients of classmates aggressive and harassing behaviors (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). These two variables contained indicators to distinguish between degenerative peer abuse, and situational peer abuse.Again, the issue that arises is the effectiveness of these measures. The interactions between childhood peers are complex, and can change daily. The variables classroom Participation, and School Avoidance were used to measure disengagement from the classroom environment. A large issue with this is how to distinguish individuals who might be avoiding class as an outcome of separate circumstances. If poor participation and avoidance was only observed from the angle of peer interactions, then this view is biased toward the study.The stu dy is seeking a correlation, and if outside factors arent controlled for, then they will biasly effect the results of their study. A childs family life, neighborhood, economic status, innate ability, among other factors, could influence all of the variables that this study examines. The last variable, Achievement, was defined as the accuracy with which children could solve progressively more advanced reading, mathematics, and spelling problems on an individualized achievement test (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 4).The issue that comes to mind with this variable is the way it uses tests to gauge achievement. Some students fare cave in on tests than others, while some students take time to develop adequate test taking skills. Another problem is how to control for separate curriculums in divers(prenominal) classrooms, and the quality of what is being taught.Data (From the text) Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 5 Participants The data used in this investigation were gathered from a total sample of 380 children (190 girls These children were followed longitudinally from age 5 (kindergarten) to age 11 (fifth grade31 kindergarten class rooms across 10 schools, and by the fifth-grade data collection period, children were in 162 different classrooms across 32 schools.The sample contained about equal proportions of families from urban, suburban, or rural midwestern communities, and the samples ethnic composition was 17. 4% African American, 77. 1% Caucasian, 1. 6% Hispanic, and 3. 9% other. Family incomes were distributed as follows 10. 9% of the sample reported total household incomes from $0 to $10,000, 10. 9% reported incomes from $10,000 to $20,000, 12.6% reported incomes from $20,000 to $30,000, 12. 6% from $30,000 to $40,000, 12. 9% from $40,000 to $50,000, and 40. 3% reported incomes above $50,000. Results The study reports its results as, peer group rejection is predictive of a range of chronic, negative peer behaviors that may alter both the social environment of the classr oom and childrens adaptive responses within that context across the elementary school years. (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 11). It suggests that the facet of peer exclusion leading to reduced participation, and ultimately delayed achievements needs further study.It goes on to say that with further study, and thus more knowledge, an empirically based intervention program can be developed. Conclusion It can be argued that to have a complete understanding of the ever evolving and complex world of the social interactions in a school environment is close to impossible. The authors came into their study with a fasten premise, and expectations of the outcomes, and have seemed to found what they were searching for. The question becomes, how valid are the authors findings, and can they be applied in a general carriage across learning environments.I believe studies that look at complex interactions between children over several years, such as this study, might have too many outside interactionar y forces that could effect the data and results. Works Cited Buhs, Eric S. , Ladd, Gary W. , and Herald, Sarah L. (2006). Peer Exclusion and Victimization Processes That Mediate the Relation Between Peer Group Rejection and Childrens Classroom Engagement and Achievement?. journal of Educational Psychology 2006, Vol. 98, No. 1, 113.

Educational psychology Essay

From 1834, the year of emancipation of slaves in Dominica and the early(a) British West Indian colonies to 1845, the popular k presentlyledge that was existent was really religious nurture. The concept of a state system of education in the West Indies emerged in Britain in 1833 as part of the act to emancipate slaves in British custody. Prior to that, the multitude of the people had practically no formal education. In Dominica, from 1834 onwards, the British subsidized basal education through grants simply basically, education was imported and promoted mainly by missionaries.The content of education was divorced from the interests and needs of the masses and the community. Emphasis was on the classics and the arts. in that location is little doubt that the churches original interest in education was the creation of influential educated elite. In practice, their interests were denomi matter, especially seen in the establishment of auxiliary schools. Proposed educational polic ies depended greatly on the availability of funds, which were al sorts insufficient. Therefore, changes and reforms were minimal. The newly elected legislative councils and their leaders gave little support.In reality, education, in practice was for a privileged minority. The crowd remained virtually ignorant and illiterate. The pre-emancipation society was therefore non in any sense an educated one. Where slaves received any instruction at all it was of a religious nature provided by the church at long intervals. The authorities had no aims or standards hence there was no system of formal education. It was against this backdrop that the British Imperial Government incorporated an education grant in the 1833 Act of Emancipation to assist in the educational cultivation of the Negroes.Establishing schools for the masses was provided for by the Act, which included grant money from the imperial government to provide education in the ex-slave colonies. This grant money is known as th e Negro Education Grant. It was regarded as an urgent matter. The congeries grant amounted to a mere ? 30,000 per annum for five years for all the BWI of al near one million people. The decision to allocate the grant was execute through the local legislatures and the religious bodies. The grant was decreased each year and ended in 1845.The denominations were offered financial help to build schools, and later to assist in the wagement of teachers salaries as the best means of developing a system of education. Dominicas share of the Grant amounted only to ? 600 to be spent on 14,000 ex-slaves. This amount was really insignificant and was spent mainly by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPCK). After two years it became apparent that the desired and intended results were not forthcoming because of the many difficulties faced. Some churches were unable to accept more grants because they could not bear the recurrent expenditure on their schools.In August 1837, the grant was switched to pay one-third of teachers salaries instead. This was insufficient, and the societies did not expand their operations further. As the expected expansion did not materialise the imperial government was disappointed. Hence, the union of the imperial government, local legislatures and the churches could not fulfil the early ambition to create a viable education system. Thus, in 1841, the imperial government started to withdraw the fund. The Mico trustees who had done the most pro studyed, only when to no avail.In 1845 it came to an end, and so the burden fell on the West Indian legislatures and workers to increasingly support the education of their own children. In Dominica, the drive towards education for the masses was assisted by the local legislature, thus complimenting the work done by charities and the churches so that by July 1840, Dominica had 20 schools, 10 teachers, 1,086 pupils and total average attendance was 750. The British Imperial Government gave two mai n reasons for ending the NEG 1. English workers were said to be worse-off than West-Indian workers 2.The Baptists were said to be prospering although they had ref utilize all aid Both claims were false. The churches lacked both(prenominal) money and resources. The British felt in the case of Dominica that the Catholic Church could not and would not provide appropriate education. They therefore supported alternatives to church schools. They dogged to provide secular schools and to withdraw grants to the church schools. This was strongly opposed until a compromise was reached. The main success of the gunpoint of the NEG was the predilection of popular education.The proviso of thirdhand Education in Dominica Providers and Gender Issues From the foregoing, one can appreciate the fact that the provision of education was a task that involved the participation of several providers or stakeholders The British Imperial Authority, the Local Legislature or Assembly, the Church (especial ly the Catholics) and the Charities (especially the Mico Trust). Prior to emancipation, the provision of education was the responsibility of the churches and the charities. Education was very limited and very a couple of(prenominal) benefited. In reality, what ever was taught was basically religious education.With the passage of the Act of Emancipation, an attempt was made to establish popular education. The NEG thus provided the needed funds for this purpose but eventually ended in failure. These funds were channelled through the bodies mentioned above, especially through the charities and the churches. By 1868 the main providers were mainly the state (the Local Legislature) and the church. It must not be forgotten that the vast majority of the population were Catholics and therefore co-operation and compromise between the two bodies were of paramount importance.By that date, the majority of primary schools belonged to the state i. e. 18 aside of 33 (54%). This was unique, for no other West Indian society had such participation by the state in educational provision. In the case of substitute education, the provision was by the Church (Catholic). The first establishment for the provision of second-string education was the Convent mellow enlighten (CHS) in 1858. This was exclusively for the children of the local elite. The children of the rural peasantry and the workings classes were excluded. The state provided some funds for the school.But there were no secondary education provided for the masses. It is again unique to Dominica in that early period that post-primary education was world provided only to girls when this gender was marginalized in the rest of the W. I and in Britain itself. Even today, in 2000, over 65% of secondary school students are girls. The figures for the Clifton Dupigny Community College, University of engine room (Jamaica) and University of the West Indies are roughly the equivalent. In the case of Dominica, male marginalisati on has had a long history, contrary to popular opinion.Due to mounting pressure and clamoring for secondary education for boys and the children of the masses, the state established the Dominica Grammar cultivate (DGS) on the 16th of January 1893, with a registration list of 25 boys under the headmastership of one tutor, Mr. W. Skinner (M. A a graduate from Catherines College, Cambridge, England). It was to be break out as a government school, with the aim to provide mettlesomeer education for boys. The building being utilise was a in the flesh(predicate) gift from Mr. Dawbiney, a respectable Jamaican who had settled in the island.The DGS remained a boys school until 1972. This occurred at a term when the number of girls selected by the Common enthral Examinations far surpassed that of boys. The first DGS girls came from the CHS and the WHS. The total number of girls on the roll for that year totalled 34 out of a total of 560 students. Thus a reluctant but necessary era comme nced in that year the DGS becoming a co-educational institution under the headship of Mr. J. K. Gough (B. Sc Dip. Ed. from Scotland). In that same year there were 14 Dominican staff members who were university graduates.Not to be outdone by the Catholics, the Wesleyan Society (Methodists) following the tradition of their rivals, opened the second high school for girls in the island, the Wesley High School (WHS) in October 1927. By that year, 80% of the students accessing secondary education were girls. This again was a unique situation second to no(prenominal) in the W. I. This further marginalized the boys given the restrictive and limited nature of access at the time. At this juncture, it is necessary to appreciate the great effort expended by the churches in the provision of secondary education in the island of Dominica, albeit for denomi home(a) reasons.In 1932, the Christian Brothers (Catholics) opened the second educational establishment providing secondary education for boy s, the Saint bloody shames Academy (SMA). By that year educational provision was roughly equal for both genders with boys now having the slight edge, notwithstanding the fact that the girls were doing better in entrance and scholarship exams. There were insufficient spaces forthcoming. An entrance examination would soon be rigorously applied to ration out, select and match the number of students to the available supply of places.This state of inequitable affairs became unbearable as the girls were now being marginalized in favour of boys who were securing less passes than girls in the exams. In other words, the excerpt was a function of available places. The two boys schools had more places than the two girls schools. Therefore, fewer girls were selected although their average scores were higher than that of boys who secured places. In the1972/1973 school year, the Labour government of Mr. Edward Oliver Leblanc took the frank step to make the DGS co-educational.This occurred at a time when the number of girls who had succeeded at the Common Entrance Examinations far surpassed that of boys. Since then, girls have kept on increasing the education gap or divide to the extent that in Dominica and the West Indies this problem of male marginalisation and male underachievement and the like, have now become so severe that it threatens the whole concept of male patriarchy. The year 1972 has been regarded as a milestone in Dominicas educational history as far as secondary education is concerned.From that year all new secondary schools have opted to become co-educational with the exception of the Saint Martins thirdhand School in 1988. Another strategic milestone in our educational history is the year 1971. For the first time, secondary educational provision moved out of Roseau with the establishment of the co-educational Portsmouth lowly School (PSS). This greatly reduced the cost burden to parents in the northwest, north and northeast of the island, who, hither to had to make tremendous sacrifices to provide education for their children in the capital, Roseau.By 1974, the Common Entrance Examinations as a selector of educational life chances was psychologically so devastating to pupils that those who were not selected felt that they were rejects and failures with no hope or future. It was against this backdrop that a group of concerned persons headed by Ms. Jean Finucane-James unconquerable to provide a second chance to those pupils that was not based on a selective exam. This co-educational school was named the Dominica Community High School (DCHS). Apart from the PSS, the early 1970s were characterised for having secondary education concentrated in the capital city of Roseau.The 70s was a period of governmental upheaval. In August 1979, Hurricane David struck and the island was devastated 43 deaths, massive destruction of crops and the forest, wildlife was decimated, schools and the social and economic infrastructure was destroyed. The economy came to a standstill. Educationally, the students suffered greatly. A large number of students from the northeast could not attend the Roseau schools. In the aftermath of the hurricane, two schools were opened in the northeast St.Andrews High School (SAHS) in 1979, fixed in Londonderry which is run and operated by the Methodists and in 1980, the Marigot Foundation High School (MFHS) headed by Mr. Martin Roberts, a former Methodist minister. The last named school was eventually renamed the Marigot substitute(prenominal) School (MSS) when in 1999 it passed over to the state. These two schools are co-educational institutions. In this catchment area the Common Entrance Exams consistently selects more girls than boys. In the 1980s four schools were established. In 1981, the Seventh-Day Adventists began to provide secondary education.The Seventh-day Adventist Secondary School (SASS) is located in the Portsmouth suburb of Granvillia. It is a co-ed school. In that very same year the co-ed St. Joseph Campus of the DGS was opened which later became a separate entity as the St. Joseph Secondary School. In 1996 it was renamed the Isaiah Thomas Secondary School. In 1988, two government co-ed secondary schools were established from what were formerly Junior Secondary Programmes the Goodwill Secondary School (GSS) and the Grand Bay Secondary School (GBSS). In that same year, the Catholicrun St.Martins School for girls upgraded its good/vocational wing into a fully-fledged secondary school called the St. Martins Secondary School (SMSS). With the opening of these new schools and the continued use of the Common Entrance Exams the gender difference continue to be in favour of girls to the trauma of boys. In October 1994 the Nehemiah Christian Foundation headed by Mrs. Rhoda George opened the Nehemiah Comprehensive School with 60 boys and girls.The school is located in Jimmit, Mahaut. In the financial year 1995/96 the government entered into a loan agreementwith the World Bank to fund the Basic Education revitalize lying-in (BERP). One of the three main objectives of the project was to expand access to secondary education. Under the project, this objective was fulfilled in the co-ed Castle Bruce Secondary School (CBSS) in 1998.TABLE I DOMINICA Academic Secondary Schools, 2002/03 School Year Founded Boys Girls Total Status Convent High School 1858 0 493 493 help Dominica Grammar School 1893 518 281 799 State Wesley High School 1927 0 287 287 Assisted St.Marys Academy 1932 420 0 420 Assisted Portsmouth Secondary School 1971 402 435 837 State Dominica Community High School 1975 79 46 125 Assisted St. Andrews High School 1979 233 292 525 Assisted Marigot Secondary School 1980 86 59 145 Assisted Isaiah Thomas Secondary School 1981 312 393 705 State SDA Secondary School 1981 108 87 195 Private St. Martins Secondary School 1988 0 306 306 Assisted Goodwill Secondary School 1988 380 262 642.State Grand Bay Secondary School 1988 3 34 343 677 State Nehemiah Comprehensive School 1994 64 73 137 Assisted Castle Bruce Secondary School 1998 266 291 557 State Orion Academy 2003 Private Total 3 202 3 648 6 850 Ministry of Education, Sports and Youth Affairs, 2002/03 The School Curriculum Several factors impinge on the development of the course of study in Dominica slavery, colonialism, politics, economics, religion, socio-cultural biases, parents, teachers and the learners themselves.In the pre-emancipation era the curriculum that existed was of a religious nature. The society was largely illiterate and ignorant. There existed no notion or idea of popular or mass education. With emancipation in 1834, the rudiments of a system of education began to take shape. The limited curriculum was non-scientific and bookishly academic based on rote and memory teaching and learning. By 1868, as the primary system took root the three rs were taught namely reading, writing and arithmetic. The system that was victorious shape was one that would provide labourers and servants and no more.At the secondary level, the curriculum catered for the children of the elite Maths, Science, Geography, English, Greek, and Latin. The colonial powers and the local legislatures controlled the educational system. In other words, the ruling elites/classes decided who should be taught, what should be taught, when, how and where. The entire process from start to finish was decided for the learner. In 1899, Agriculture was being promoted as a subject to be taught so that the learner would become an agricultural labourer or worker on an estate or join the ranks of the impoverished peasantry.So agricultural schools were encouraged. In this way the islands would remain as sources of primary agricultural produce. When the British abolished the local legislatures and imposed direct crown colony rule the curriculum again was being used as a tool to keep the masses in their place. It limited them to learn the basics and agricu lture. Attempts were made to improve education at the end of the early World War (1914-1918) salaries to teachers, payments by results and attempts at compulsory education. The West Indian Conference in Dominica in 1932 urged the region to struggle for compulsory education among other things.This failed. In 1957, the ministerial system was brought to Dominica with some exercise of authority by the house of assembly. But power still lied with the British parliament. Budgets could be passed, but had to be approved by Britain. In 1967, Dominica became an associate state with Gt. Britain. All internal matters were under local jurisdiction, but foreign affairs, trade and defence resided with Gt. Britain. Dominica could now influence and shape educational progress, but very little happened. The primary system continued to develop. The high schools became stagnant.The last one to be established was in 1936 (SMA). Thirty-seven years passed before the next one, the PSS was established. By 1 978, the curriculum at the primary was now being driven by the Common Entrance Examinations to the detriment of all else. The same thing could be found at the secondary schools. The entire curriculum was driven by foreign external examinations. The foreign broker was removed in 1985 when we switched from the Cambridge and London GCE O Levels to the regionally based CXC examinations. But the GCE A Levels still continue to dictate the curriculum at the post-secondary level.In 1998, CXC began to stress pilot its own A Levels known as CAPE, which will soon replace the English-based GCE A Levels. The School Curriculum and Examinations The CXC and the GCE curriculum dictate the locus and direction of secondary education in Dominica. These exams cater for the 30-40% of the ability range of secondary students. The entire curriculum was driven by foreign external examinations. The foreign agent was removed in 1985 when we switched from the Cambridge and London GCE O Levels to the regional ly based CXC examinations. But the GCE A Levels still continue to dictate the curriculum at the post-secondary level.In 1998, CXC began to test pilot its own A Levels known as CAPE, which will soon replace the English-based GCE A Levels. The HSC, LSC and GCE dominated the curriculum of secondary schools since the 1880s. The failure rates were very high at both the O and A Levels. It was besides a drain on the scarce resources of the region. The minimum of 5 O Level subjects were infallible to move into the sixth form and five subjects were needed of which 2 must be at A Level for university entry. The Caribbean was influenced by educational and curriculum developments in North America and Europe, especially Britain.Revolutionary curricular changes in maths and science were being undertaken in the USA as a result of the Russian success in Sputnik I. In the U. K, the Nuffield Foundation invested heavily in a science development project. In 1969-70, the West Indian Science Curriculum innovation Project (WISCIP) began at St. Augustine, UWI, and Trinidad. It was a new approach with emphasis on enquiry and experimentation, understanding and constructive thinking. This was introduced in the DGS and the other high schools of the time. During that same period New Mathematics was introduced in the schools curriculum.All five of the secondary schools in Dominica adopted it. The Convent High School had their first O Level candidates in 1971, and the DGS in 1972. Results in all Caribbean schools were not so good at first because of the unfamiliarity with the new approaches and topics such as inverses, identities, algebra of sets and matrices, decimalisation and metrification, vectors, inequalities and topology. At first most of the schools used the School Mathematics Project (SMP) books, but these were replaced by the Joint Schools Project (Caribbean edition) series, as part of the CEDO/UNESCO/UWI Caribbean Mathematics Project.The CXC was established in 1972 to serve th e state Caribbean. The process took over 10 years. The CXC was to replace the GCE exams. It would develop syllabi, conduct exams and issue certificates. This was a form of asserting cultural and intellectual independence from our colonial former(prenominal) and from Britain. Politically, the Caribbean has eschewed integration. There was the West Indian Federation as colonies of Britain (1958-1962). It ended in failure due to insularity, nationalism and dependency.With independence, the nations can dictate their educational goals and match these to national needs. In Dominica, we have not had a long history of educational reforms established in law. In 1949 an Education Act was passed to regulate and govern the sector. This was changed in 1997 when the new Education Act was passed. This was part of an attempt to harmonise education legislation in the Eastern Caribbean. In 1995 the Basic Education Reform Project was launched (BERP). The Project had three main objectives 1. to streng then the management and planning capacity of the Ministry, 2.to enhance the quality of education, and 3. to expand and conserve school places. Economically, we live in an mutually beneficial world, a global village. We are partners bargaining from a position of weakness. Unequal terms of trade, onerous foreign debts, trade deficits and balance of payment problems deplete our resources so that our educational budgets are severely constrained. In general (1999 2004), Dominica spends about 17% of its recurrent budget on education, 1-2% on materials and supplies and about 80% on personal emoluments. New Curriculum Developments.Primary schools follow a curriculum, which has recently been reviewed by the Curriculum Development Unit (CDU). Schools have been provided with curriculum takes for English Language, Mathematics and common Science for Grades K to 6. Curriculum guides for Social Studies, Mathematics, Science and English Language were to become available in September 1999 for gr ades K to 6. A curriculum guide for Social Studies has been prepared for Form 1 at the secondary level. Workbooks for Grades k to 3 for English were to have been made available from September 1999.In asset a curriculum guide for Health and Family Life covering primary and secondary age ranges is being monitored and supported in schools. A draft national policy for this was presented to Cabinet in August 1998 but has not yet been officially approved. The CDU has planned to review Music, PE, Art and Craft, and Agriculture in 2001 as fountainhead as to start writing and production of support materials for pupils and teachers. The revised primary schools curriculum appears to be appropriate at the national level. The main problem appears to be in its delivery.The main need at the primary level for curriculum development is in relation to adapting the teachers guides for multigrade teaching and provision of tell activities for all subjects and all classrooms. Dominica does not have a N ational Curriculum and therefore, the curriculum de facto is determined by each school and in practice is most related to the requirements of the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) other external examinations and higher ability students. A balance needs to be struck between the academic and practical skills education in the secondary sector in any future national curriculum.The Ministry of Education has outlined the following process to arrive at the promulgation and execution of instrument of the National Curriculum (NC) National Curriculum Committee (NCC) established in school year 1999/2000 NCC reviews existing curriculum locally and regionally Under the NCC, eccentric Teams and Subject Areas are established Development of Syllabi, and Curriculum Guides in Core Subject Areas Curriculum Training of Staff/Subject Team Members Resource Provision First Draft National Curriculum in Core Subject Areas Review of Draft Curriculum Development of Curricula in other subject areas. compo sition of National Norms and Standards for all subjects Piloting of National Curriculum in a cross-section of schools Promulgation of National Curriculum by Minister of Education habit by all schools of the National Curriculum as of September 2003 The Secondary Education Support Project (SESP) had been working with the Curriculum Development Unit (CDU) to import and pilot a revised curriculum for Forms 1 to 3 in the core subjects of English, Mathematics, Science and Social Studies, incorporating activities for average and below average ability pupils.Drafts of curriculum guides for Form 1 have been completed and were made available to schools in September 1999. All the guides for the four core subjects were made available in 2001. The CDU also has completed work in Music, Art, Craft, and Agriculture. However, the major curriculum need resides in the consideration of a curriculum which will meet the needs of all students academic, technical/vocational, aesthetic, spiritual, moral and for citizenship and fulfill the ambitions set out in the 1997 Education Act. This would be especially so when Universal Secondary Education is achieved.

Performance Evaluation Using Accounting Information

What is performance paygrade? o instruction execution evaluations argon formal review processes designed to encourage the informal day-to-day employment of performance worry, while providing a framework in support of merit pay adjustments, promotion and employment decisions. Evaluating staff performance and military serviceing employees develop their skills ar important duties associated with performance management. Performance management begins with supervisors and employees collaboratively setting goals and standards, clearly communicating performance expectations and evaluating the results during the performance evaluation process. o A performance appraisal is a systematic and periodic process that assesses an individual employees job performance and productivity in relation to certain pre-established criteria and organizational objectives. o o Performance evaluation tools are quantitatively and qualitatively based. They utilize a scoring system that assesses numerical data relative to productivity, as well as lineament data that measures the quality of the employees work.The indicators on performance evaluations implicate items such as business ethics, innovation, motivation, job receiveledge, skills and expertise, communication, teamwork, work quality, professionalism, task management and project completion. Benefits of performance evaluation Facilitation of communication communication in organizations is considered an essential function of worker motivation. It has been proposed that feedback from performance evaluation aid in minimizing employees perceptions of uncertainty.Fundamentally, feedback and management-employee communication thunder mug serve as a guide in job performance. Enhancement of employee focus through promoting trust behaviors, thoughts, and/or issues whitethorn distract employees from their work, and trust issues may be among these distracting factors. Such factors that work through psychological energy tail lower job p erformance and cause workers to lag sight of organizational goals. Properly constructed and utilized performance evaluation has the capability to lower distracting factors and encourage trust inwardly the organization. Goal setting and desired performance reinforcement organizations find it efficient to match individual workers goals and performance with organizational goals. Performance evaluation provides room for discussion in the collaboration of these individual and organizational goals. Collaboration can also be discriminatory by resulting in employee acceptance and satisfaction of appraisal results. Performance advantage well constructed performance evaluation can be valuable tools for communication with employees as pertaining to how their job performance stands with organizational expectations. At the organizational level, numerous studies have reported positive relationships surrounded by human resource management (HRM) practices and performance improvement at both the individual and organizational levels. Determination of training needs Employee training and development are crucial components in armed serviceing an organization action strategic initiatives. It has been argued that for performance to truly be effective, post-appraisal opportunities for training and development in problem areas, as determined by the appraisal, must(prenominal) be offered. Performance can especially be instrumental for identifying training needs of new employees.Finally, performance can help in the establishment and supervision of employees career goals. The Role of story Information in Performance evaluation Accounting training consists of all data that a company records from operate activities and reports to the public at the end of a month or quarter. Accounting selective information is important for investors, analysts and regulators, management, employees, creditor and debtor. This information is also critical for a firms management because it provi des insight into the companys mo plunderary robustness and re reachsability in the short and long terms.Accounting data much is used in performance evaluations, because it is seen as an objective method to evaluate performance. eon there are umteen advantages to using be information for this purpose, small-business owners should be careful to understand that there are drawbacks as well. Knowing the pros and cons of using accounting system measureds can help business owners choose the right data to use for evaluating employee performance. Budget to Actual Many businesses expect employees to achieve budget targets as part of their overall performance.While the specifics requirements of apiece employee differ with the position and nature of the company, it is common for employees to be expected to sell a certain number of items, control costs versus a budgeted amount or reduce waste compared with a benchmark. A potential downfall of using budget information for performance ev aluation is that employees may be so concern with making budget targets that they may do so at the cost of other parts of the business. Sales Growth Sales employees and business management frequently are evaluated on the basis of sales growth.Sales growth usually is calculated as the percentage that sales have increased over the prior division. While this metric is commonly used to gauge performance, it does non come without drawbacks. If the general saving changes from year to year, then sales may naturally be change magnitude or decreasing. For example, if the economy is in decline, then employees may be modeling the correct behaviors, but sales may still be slow. In contrast, if the economy is growing, employees may be receiving the benefits of change magnitude sales while developing habits that will keep this sales growth from being sustainable in the future(a).Net Profit In many small businesses, net profit is used as a performance benchmark for the companys manager. Con densing the operations of a business into its simplest form, net profit measures the amount of profit left after deducting expenses. While profit is important to businesses, focus on profit can have adverse effects on the company in the long term. For example, cutting advertising expenses will grow net profit in the short-term, but in the long-term, potential customers may non know about the companys products. Expense ReductionFor employees in charge of spending, it is common to evaluate performance based upon cost reduction. This can be a useful metric, as each dollar of expense saved translates into a dollar of profit. However, caution must be exercised, because this performance metric does not account for differences in quality. For example, if a purchasing manager is evaluating on reducing the expense of purchased metal for production, he could be rewarded for buying cheaper substandard material. As such, small-business owners should be cautious when using this metric in isolat ion. Profitability Analysis Management analyzes profitability by reviewing the statement of profit and loss, also known as statement of income. This statement indicates a companys gross and expense items. Profit Margin Profit margin measures a companys business performance over a quarter or month and equals net income split up by total revenue. Return on Equity o Return on equity provides an assessment of profitability on owners capital and equals net income carve up by shareholders equity. Working Capital Working capital is a gauge of a firms cash availability in the next 12 months and equals current assets negative current liabilitiesBudgeting o A budget helps a business know where gold comes in and where it goes out. With accurate accounting, a business owner can diagnose decisions to cut back in certain budget areas to improve the profit potential of the business. Without accounting data, the company would be forced to guess how much money should be allotted to each departm ent or line item. A budget that is updated quarterly gives a clear picture of where the business stands fiscally so that smart money management decisions can be made. Investor Relations A public company has a responsibility to report the companys pecuniary standing to stockholders. The accounting department of the business creates a public report for investors with the intent of disclosing all financial data. Good accounting practices helps investors trust the management team as they know exactly the points of financial strength and weakness of their investment. A company that does not maintain accounting information would be in danger of lawsuits, claims of fraud and lose access to relationships that provide capital necessary to running the business.Employee Retention Providing employees with accounting information helps them to make responsible decisions regarding their futures. A business that does not disclose or maintain accurate accounting information would gradually lose cre dibility with its employees. Employees with retirement accounts managed by their employers rely on the financial stability of companies to ensure their employers watch out through Planning o Before most businesses even start operations, some level of platformning is done to determine the level of success that can be achieved from operations.Businesses will examine current economic trends like consumer demand, market size, and number of competitors. This analysis helps companies determine which industry best suits their goods and services and then focuses on planning for the necessary plants and equipment needed to create successful business operations. Management Decisions o Once a business starts producing goods and services, executive managers must review each level of the company to ensure that each department is functioning at its peak.Some departments may need to be overhauled to re-create a competitive environment that produces high-quality goods and services. Additionally, management will use accounting information to decide if their company could improve operations by purchasing a competitor or enter a new market with their existing production facilities. Profitability o The biggest need for accounting information is to determine overall profitability. Sales, costs of manufacturing, inventory, and expenses are all put down and presented to company management so the companys profit levels can be determined.Financial statements like the balance sheet or statement of cash flows may also be prepared so executive management can assess the value of the company and the cash-generating functions of business operations. Investing o Once companies have a firm understanding of their profitability, they begin to make decisions on investing their cash and retained income from business operations. Executive management will decide what amount of cash should be reinvested into the business and what amount should be invested in interest-bearing securities.Companies will use these securities investments to generate cash outside business operations, giving them higher cash flows. Accountants must track these investments to ensure that the company does not take on too much investment risk. Performance Analysis o After the financial proceedings of a company are properly recorded and presented in financial statements, accountants will review the information to determine the strength of business operations. Accountants use financial ratios to break down the financial statements and compare them to the industry or competitors.This analysis will help management find weak areas in the company and help allow them to find solutions for strengthening these operations. Accounting Performance Measurement Tools Budgets o Budgeting initiatives help department heads discuss steps to limit the decision-making authority of specific personnel. These take employees running inefficient operations or segment chiefs unable to whittle away at runaway budget deficit s. Top leadership may not strip ineffective segment leaders of their operating prerogatives, but budgeting certainly limits how much they can spend.A budget is a list of planned expenses and revenues, a plan that organizations use to spend and save. 2. Pro Forma Statements o Pro forma or projection-based, accounting reports rely on hypothetical data to illustrate how a firms operations may fare under specific scenarios. These include best, average and worst with these concepts indicating the state of the economy or conditions in the companys competitive landscape, among other factors. For example, worst-case-scenario pro forma statements show whether a business could generate enough revenues to sustain itself if economic conditions deteriorate. . Accounting Reports o Management accountants and corporate leaders use accounting reports to measure operating performance. By doing so, they help prevent the dismal financial situation that arises when a firm consistently posts negative num bers. Department heads rely on accounting statements to determine operating weaknesses and prescribe the right medicine to fix ineffective mechanisms. The most important accounting statements are balance sheets, income statements, cash-flow reports and equity statements. Balance heets are also called statements of financial position or statements of financial condition. 4. Financial Ratios o Corporate executives and business-unit chiefs analyze financial ratios to determine processes to tear up and those to keep or expand. Inefficient processes may drive away profit opportunities and jobs, especially if a company must shed its workforce to maintain solvency. Management accounting metrics include net profit margin and return on equity. ROE equals net profit divided by shareholders equity. Net profit margin equals net income divided by total sales. 5. Technological Tools Organizations rely on various tools to tackle the often thorny issues of management accounting, performance monitor ing and regulatory compliance. In the modern era, computing machine systems play a key role in the way firms record and analyze accounting data. Tools used to evaluate management accounting performance include financial analysis software, project management applications and first step resource planning programs. Other tools include industrial control software, calendar and scheduling programs, mainframe computers and computer-aided manufacturing applications. 6. breaking AnalysisA gap analysis is a useful method of measuring performance when there are already fixed performance standards. For example, you may have a goal of producing a certain number of units per month. This could be a performance standard. A gap analysis starts with the established performance measure. After looking at the established performance measure, a manager assesses the current performance level. Finally, the manager will calculate the difference between the performance standard and the actual standard. T his provides the gap, which is an trait of how close a company has come to its performance standards.The smaller the gap, the better the companys performance. An advantage of this performance measure is that it provides an indication of what needs to be overcome in order to achieve the desired level of performance. LIMITATIONS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN PERFORMANCE EVALUATION (i) Accounting information is in terms of money. Accounting provides information on events and transactions that are of financial nature or can be expressed in terms of monetary unit. It does not give information in quantity or size terms of in qualitative matters like usefulness or efficient.Non-monetary events or transactions are completely snub however important these may be. (ii) Accounting information is expressed in monetary terms and it is assumed that a monetary unit is stable overtime. This is not true at all with the result that the impact of price level changes is not taken into consideration. Th e assets remain under set in many cases especially land and building. The cipher outcome of this practice is that balance sheet figures of assets are not helpful in measuring the true financial positions of the enterprise. iii) Accountancy is as yet a inexact science and depends sometimes on a number of estimates, personal judgment and so forth Estimates are inherently inaccurate and personal judgments introduce twine in the accounting information. It is not possible to predict with any degree of accuracy the actual useful life of an asset which is done for calculating the dispraise charge. The same is true about provision for doubtful debts. (iv)Accounting information cannot be used as only test of managerial performance. The focus of the financial information is on profit or income which is only ne small aspect of the annual story of business. Profits for a period of one year can readily be manipulated by suppressing such costs as advertisements, research and development, depre ciation and so on. (v)Accounting information is not neutral or unbiased. Accountants measure income as conventionally defined revenues less expenses. But accountants consider only selected revenues and expenses. They fail to give recognition to the benefits received by their efforts to clean up the environment, improve community welfare and introduce safety measures for the workers. vi)Accounting like other disciplines has to follow certain principles which in some cases are contradictory. Current assets are valued on the basis of cost or market price whichever is less following the principle of conservatism. Accordingly the current assets may be valued on cost basis in some year and at market price in another year. In this manner, the rule of consistency is openly violated. (VII) The historical perspective of financial accounting In order to obtain a recent estimate of an entitys financial performance, the corporate managers carefully scrutinise financial accounting information.In retrospect, this information is based on past performance. The information does provide clarity on the monetary issues but does not provide a definite insight into the strategic future as the future holds various changes in terms of technology, economic situations as well as political scenarios etc. Such factors in relation to accounting are unpredictable. Therefore, a careful balance between historical accounting as well as the future forecasted outlook is required. (VIII).Inability to reflect the true value of strategic management Various factors such as goodwill and natural circumstances influence the operations of an enterprise however, these elements are difficult to measure thus, leading to their unavoidable exclusion from financial reports. For example companies depend upon their shareholders, who in turn depend on the performance of the chief(prenominal) Executive Officers. Although the CEOs may have been hired by the company based upon prior performance, their future perf ormances are not reliably measurable as they may continually vary.In the initial stages, it may be impossible to measure whether the CEOs presence will deter or appeal to the shareholders, which in turn will influence the profitability of the enterprise. (VIX). Measuring Volatility of external factors Financial accounting information does not take into consideration vaporizable and ever increasing changes in the natural and commercial environment. Although scarcely measurable in monetary terms, their unstable nature may have adverse effects if included within the financial reports and have a volatile and cosmetic impact upon the earnings of the firm.For example, tariffs on trade, duties and other environmental issues can have significant short-term volatile effects on the organization Conclusively, In order to obtain a recent estimate of an entitys financial performance, the corporate managers carefully scrutinize financial accounting information. In retrospect, this information is based on past performance. The information does provide clarity on the monetary issues but does not provide a definite insight into the strategic future as the future holds various changes in terms of technology, economic situations as well as political scenarios etc.Such factors in relation to accounting are unpredictable. Therefore, a careful balance between historical accounting as well as the future forecasted outlook is required. References El-Shishimi, H. and Drury C. (2001) divisional Performance Measuring in UK companies, paper presented to the annual Congress of the European Accounting Association, Athens Esptein, M and Ray, M. J (1997)Eniromental Management to improve corporate profitability, daybook of cost management , November-December, pp 26-34 Kaplan R. S and Norton D.P (2001) Transforming the balance scorecard from performance measurement to strategic management part 2, Accounting Horizons March, pp87 Kaplan, S. E. , and J. T. Mackey. 1992. An Examination of the association between organizational design factors and the use of accounting information for managerial performance evaluation. Journal of Management Accounting Research (4) 116-130. BABCOCK UNIVERSITY, ILISAN, OGUN STATE Performance Evaluation uses accounting information, limitation reconsidered Emerging issues Assignment BY ADEYEMI EBENEZER ADESUJI MATRIC NO NS/4270

Descriptions and language Essay

Look at the significance of chapter volt to the novella s a whole. Focus on the effect of the writers engagement of language to describe sittings and characters. How does this contribute to the gothic genre and what does it demonstrate about social and historical influences? Frankenstein or the Morden Prometheus was published in 1818 by the author bloody shame Shelley she became well know for the gothic horror Frankenstein. The key message of the novel that Mary Shelley is putting across to the reader is that people should not play God. heap started to become extremely terrified of the idea that lifetime could be crated by mankind without a man, woman and God. Mary Shelley experienced a lot of misfortunes in her life as her family members died at a young age this may occupy lead her to write this novel as it in addition has horrifying events, also she had a lot of knowledge about science. At that time science was very advancing meaning that the idea of creating became possible. Mary Shelley may have got the ingestion to create such a fascinating gothic horror novel from the misfortunes she experienced in her life and the advancing science at the time.Shelley depicts Frankenstein as macrocosm adamant he wanted to create life. His obsession took the better of him, he neglected everything just to accomplish his dream. This is shocking to the reader. He thinks that he could crate life better than God. I behelded the accomplishment of my toils Shelley describes how Frankenstein is successful. This is playing God. Frankenstein on realising what he has done hubris runs away from the facts and abandoned his inception.Frankenstein has committed hubris by going against God, Frankenstein will be penalize for this wrenched act of creating life which is wrong, similar to Prometheus he was punish by the Gods for giving people more than power than they were capable of handling and he was severely punished by the Gods for going against them. Linking the story to an a ncient myth will increase the knowledge in the reader that hubris will be punished. In this novel chapter five is the most significant. The reason why, is because it holds the most important events that took place.In this chapter the unveiling is bought to life. Frankenstein rejects him because of his appearance he imagined it to be beautiful. Instead it is the most hideous thing that Frankenstein has had ever imagined. Frankenstein declension what he has done but he is unable to reverse in time to discombobulate things go back to normal. Mary Shelley foreshadows what will happen undermentioned Shelley has apply with the gloom of the surrounding comfortless sky. The reader will feel pathos towards Frankenstein as he has caused his own misery, also anxious as they will be able to predict what will happen next.Shelley uses descriptive language, she describes the monster as having yellow skin. Shelley writes this to create an image of the monster in the readers minds. The novel al so compares the monster to a diseased person, it also is comparing the monster to a cold body a dead body is pale because it no blood flowing through it similarly to the monster as it is pale in real life. Shelley describes the monster this way so that the reader creates an ugly image of the monster in their minds. Mary Shelley uses descriptive language this helps to create fear and horror into the reader.The quote refers to the historical and religious aspects of the nineteenth century. Frankenstein was the first monster story to be written. Most of the horror novels at the time were about ghosts, in that time many people believed in ghosts as it was a popular theme for books. Shelley was determined to make her novel successful and to do this she needed to frighten her audience. She was able to do this by using her imagination, fictive ideas and descriptive language such as yellow skinned. In addition this quotation describes the horrific features of the creature that Frankenstei n created.Also yellow represented as the disease cholera which effected the people of the 19th century. Mary Shelley has used an expostulatory form throughout the novel. Shelley uses the point of view of Captain Walton who is the caption of the enchant. Captain Walton helps Frankenstein onto his ship as Frankenstein is in terribly ill. Frankenstein tells the captain that he created a monster and how it killed all of his love ones. Captain Walton writes to his sister about the story of Frankenstein and his creation this tumble the novel hindsight.Mary Shelley opens Chapter Five with Pathetic Fallacy, dreary nigh of November. This is when mood reflects the stand. This suggests that it was dark and miserable night like the earth knows something is wrong. The settings assign the hidden acts the weather feels sorrows for. Shelley has used descriptive language to begin the chapter this informs the reader that this chapter is going to be extremely emotional and that it is the most impo rtant chapter. Shelley has chosen her settings very carefully. Shelley uses a bond between darkness and the month November.This is because November is miserable and wintry. Mary Shelley describes what impact the creation has on Frankenstein. For this I have deprived myself of health and rest, this shows that Frankenstein has been deprived of quietus and must be physically and mentally tired. This links back to obsession as it shows he only cares about the creation and nothing else. As the creation is bought to life Frankenstein regrets creating it. This makes the reader feel bathos towards Frankenstein because he is the father of the monster as he is the one who created it. As currently as his creation is born Frankenstein abandons it.The reader will feel pathos towards the monster as it was not his mistake that he is abandoned by his father as soon as he is created. Captain Walton feels sympathy towards Frankenstein, as he learns that all of Frankensteins loved ones have been ki lled. Captain Walton also begins to understand why Frankenstein is in this position. That is also my victim in his murder my crimes are consummated the miserable series of my being is wound to its close the captain starts to feel sorry the monster, as he finds out that it has no one to care for him in the world except Frankenstein who already abandoned him.His voice seemed suffocated and my first impulse, which has suggested to me the duty of obeying the dying gather up of my friend. In destroying his enemy, were now suspended by a mixture of curiosity and compassion by the end caption Walton has compassion for the monster perhaps wake the reader who we should feel. Shelley has put a lot of thought in to deciding on her settings in the novel. In the 19th century there was no electricity therefore they used candles the candle light effect would have been well known to her reader. Whilst in the laboratory, Victors candle was nearly burned outThis quotation is singing the reader that Frankensteins life was very bright at the beginning of the novel as the novel continues there is less and less light in his life. As the light is fading away the reader will think that Frankenstein life is vanishing since he decided to deceive death. As light is fading it is delivery darkness to the setting which will frighten threaded as this is a mysterious colour? Shelley has used literary consciousness throughout the novel to show the reader that she being a woman in the 19th century still had a lot amount of knowledge.Shelley has included Dantes Inferno and much more she is showing the reader that she has a lot of potential and has a lot understanding about science and literature. People at the time would not have thought that a woman could write such a novel which is very creative and advancing in science. Shelley is showing off as she has succeeded in creating a novel which is unique and as good as any man could write. Ultimately I think that Chapter Five is the most si gnificant chapter Shelley has used many language techniques to describe characters and settings. This helps the reader to imagine the gothic horror genre.Shelley committed herself to write this gothic horror novel as she was determined to make her reader interested in the first monster novel, people at the time only believed in ghosts and she has to put a great amount of swither to make the reader interested in the first monster novel. Shelley with a great imagination and wonderful techniques she made this story appealing to the reader. When someone loses their loved ones they feel that if they were able to bring them back they would but no one can cheat death. Frankenstein who tried to cheat death is punished.

The Morality of Zoos

The word zoo is a fairly broad term. Zoos atomic number 18 most commonly thought of as an attr affection rather than a fuddleds for education. More importantly, they argon rarely associated with the survival of the clement race. While zoos are a form of entertainment for the public and a taxable industry for the government most of them do in fact research the animals they gull in their captivity. This research can be beneficial and life saving for piece and if it were non for this testing, we would not exhaust many key vaccines that we have today. For the sake of this paper the term zoo can be apply to all animals in captivity.This includes those for entertainment, medical testing, and rehabilitation/protection. Tom Reagan wrote on if zoos are lessonly defensible, but include all of the previously listed forms of captivity under the title of zoo. He argues that zoos are immoral because of rights ground principles however, he fails to see the implications of assuming that a nimals have equal rights to humans. Although his conclusion is false, it is morally wrong and unnecessary to financial backing an animal in captivity purely for public amusement and financial gain. Reagan presents two views in proving the wickedness of zoos.First is the utilitarian standpoint which claims that the suffering of animals being in captivity far outweighs the suffering of humans had the animals not been in captivity. The second view is the rights based principle, which is that animals have rights and should not be in captivity. He sides with the last mentioned of the two theories, deciding that the utilitarian view fails to asses all of the components of human suffering without zoos. He claims that animals morally have rights to freedom and respect thus making it immoral for humans to take this away from them.The real incumbrance in his supposition though, is how he proposes the moral rights of animals. He claims that they have rights because of their awareness to th eir existence and therefore cognition of suffering and pleasure. However, although animals are aware, they are not conscious of cause and effect. They dont see the righteousness behind suffering, they just instinctually avoid it. To ascertain that they have the same rationalization powers as humans do on deciding if their actions are ca using pleasure or pain, is to give their awareness too overmuch credit.A good paper to prove this point, is Carl Cohens Do Animals Have Rights? In it he responds to Regans theory that animals have rights. Cohen decides that Regans biggest error is associating two different versions of the broadly used term inherent protect to formulate his conclusion. Regan claims that because animals have inherent value they are moral agents and should not be used in a fashion that makes them less important than humans. However, Cohen says that just because they have inherent value it does not mean they are moral beings.Surely because they feel pain it is immoral to cause them to suffer needlessly but this does not give them the same rights as humans. Animals live in an amoral world without respect or knowledge of separate living things rights. Since they are unaware of morals and rights, it seems absurd to hold them to the same moral standard as humans. It would appear past that when deciding on the moral legitimacy of zoos, it would be do to separate human rights from the natural laws that animals live by. The natural world is based on survival.Animals kill some other animals to survive and out of instinct. House cats torture their prey before killing it, and bears eat their prey alive. Animals act without the knowledge of other living beings having a right to life because it is not a matter of rationalization for them. They do not see the suffering of other animals as a moral issue because they are incapable of grasping such a concept. Because we as humans do have the ability to apologise we also have the responsibility to avoid cau sing harm and suffering to other living things.However, humans need to survive too, and if it means keeping animals for medical testing then this should not be looked at any differently than a wolf attacking a human so as to not starve. Animals already use other animals as tools for survival and if this is the case as it is in medical testing, then captivity should be allowed. Same goes for animal rehabilitation and protection from extinction. Although wildlife preserves are more elevated for most animals in this case, even a small enclosure zoo could be in that particular(a) animals best interest concerning its health.Small enclosures and preserves can also give humans carve up on insight into the daily routines of animals so as to better protect them from extinction. What is inhumane and immoral however, is using zoos for monetary gain and personal entertainment. Through evolution some animals have become accustomed to human interaction and unnatural surroundings. Those that ar e not, however, should not be put in captivity for no reason. Thats why we have house pets.

John Steinback’s ‘Of Mice and Men’ Essay

John Steinbacks Of Mice and Men is a tale of two travelling workers in the jolty depression years of 1930s America. Steinback applys a Cyclical Structure upon finishing the harbor I nonice many similarities between the first and work chapter.The first similarity was the lo be sickion. In Chapter genius Steinback mentions a desolate place near a non-flowing pool, and and then introduces both Lennie and George, the same happens in the last chapter but this condemnation Lennie is alone having run away from the ranch. Lennie is shown to the readers as simple-minded and so Steinback uses this to an advantage His huge companion dropped his blankets and flung himself proceeds in and drank from the surface of the green pool drank with long gulps, snorting into the water like a horse Lennie lordotic his whole head under, palpebra and all, and then he sat up on the bank and his hat dripped down on his blue coat and ran down his back Lennie dabbled his big paw in the water and wig gled his fingers so the water arose in little splashes rings widened across the pool to the other brass and came back again, Lennie watched them go. Look George. Look what I done. Steinback mentions the drinking of the pool water later in Chapter Six.The moment similarity that I noticed was of the vision that Lennie and George shared. Just like a little child, Lennie likes the idea of their dream and asks for it to be repeated on numerous occasions. The most significant condemnations are mentioned in the book at the beginning where they both feel that they are able to achieve the dream and at the end, nevertheless before George shoots Lennie.Lennie has this problem where once he holds onto to something he cant let go. In Chapter One George and Lennie are running away from a ranch in Weed, due to Lennie holding onto a girls red silk dress, as he felt the silk, the girl thought that she was going to be sexually assaulted and so panicked. She ran off to tell the other ranch worke rs giving George and Lennie time to run off. In the blend in Chapter Lennie runs from the Soledad ranch to the brush area because he killed Curleys wife.Having to put up with Lennies bad behavior, George feels pressurized and so says that he could live a lot better without Lennie Why, I could stay in a cat house all night. I could eat any place I want, hotel or any place, and format any damn thing I could think of. This is all mentioned in Chapter One and in the last chapter Georges feelings are represented by Lennies hallucination in the form of Aunt Clara And then from out of Lennies head there came a little fat old woman. She wore thick atomic number 29s-eye glasses and she wore a huge gingham apron with pockets, and she was starched and clean. She stood in front of Lennie and put her hands on her hips, and frowned disapprovingly at him.And when she spoke, it was in Lennies voice. I tol you an tol you, I tol you Min George because hes such a nice fella an good to you But yo u dont never take no care. You do bad things. You never give a thought to George, hes been doin nice things for you alla time. When he got a piece a pie you always got half or moren half All the time he coulda had such a good time if it wasnt for you. He woulda took his pay an raised booby hatch in a whorehouse, and he coulda set in a poolroom an played snooker. But he got to take care of you.Knowing that he has done something bad this time, Lennie reflects back the entire sayings that him and George verbalize before going to work on the ranch in Soledad. From the Ketchup argument Lennie threatens to leave George and mountain up into the mountains, yet again in the last chapter he threatens to go off into the caves to Aunt Clara.Steinbacks use of language describing the water snake and the heron gives the reader a very secretive message If your not careful something bad may happen, and just like the watersnake being caught by the heron, the watersnake represents Lennie and the h eron represents George.