Kingdom Fungi

Chapter 21 Notes Kingdom fungus kingdom Name_________________________ 21-1 The Kingdom kingdom fungus kingdom A. What Are Fungi? Fungi include MANY DIFFERENT types of organisms From piddling yeast cells To the one of the largest organisms in the world Fungi be cellular (except for yeasts) Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Decomposers decompose dead and decaying material -Recyclers -Secrete enzymes OUTSIDE bodies drink up digested nutrients Hyphae long, slender, root-like filament Septa cross-walls across hyphae (not in all hyphae) Mycelium mat of interwoven hyphae o Large surface area = max food absorptionFruiting body reproductive structures, like mushrooms o Many brush aside develop from same mycelium o fairy rings Entire mycelium is haploid o (1 set of chromosomes) B. organise & Function of Fungi Fungi cells have cell walls -Contain carbohydrate chitin too found in exoskeletons Unlike gear ups -Fungi DONT have chlorophyl -Fungi have chitin in cell walls (plants have cellulose) C. Reproduction in Fungi Most fungus kingdom reproduce BOTH asexually and sexually agamogenetic Reproduction Sporangia at the tip of sporangiophores produce haploid spores Fragmentation (breaking off) of hyphae can also produce new mycelia braceual reproductionFungi form hyphae of opposite Sex o Called + & - The + & hyphae fuse and form gametangia o Makes gametes o Form a diploid zygote o Zygote undergoes meiosis haploid erst again D. How Fungi Spread Fungal spores travel VERY considerably in the air All they need is a good come place with moisture & food Some fungi have supererogatory adaptations for spreading spores 21-2 Classification of Fungi A. 4 Phyla of Fungi Zygomycota subdivision Ascomycotina Basidiomycota Deuteromycota Named for their reproductive structures B. Phylum Zygomycota Common molds o On bread, cheese, etc. Black bread mold Rhizopus stoloniferReproduce asexually (spores) & sexually (zygospores) C. Phylum subdivision Ascomycota Sac Fungi o Conidia form spo res asexually o The ascus contains diploid spores in sexual reproduction Examples yeast, cup fungi D. Phylum Basidiomycota nightspot Fungi 16,000 species mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, morels Club-shaped reproductive structure Spores form in basidia o On the gills underneath mushroom cap Many wild mushrooms are poisonous E. Phylum Deuteromycota Imperfect Fungi Fungi with NO know sexual stage Reproduction only asexually Ex genus Penicillium also pathogens like ringworm, athletes foot 1-3 Ecology of Fungi A. Fungi as Heterotrophs Most fungi are decomposers or saprobes Others are parasites (live on/in a living host) And others are symbionts live in symbiosis with other organisms Pleurotus ostreatus is actually a carnivore captures & eats roundworms all fungi, though, are heterotrophs B. Fungi as Decomposers External digestion Fungi decompose event by secreting enzymes o break it down into simple organic molecules Fungus because absorb those molecules C. Fungi as Parasites Pla nts and animals (humans) are subject to fungal diseases Plants o Corn smut o Mildew o Wheat rustHumans & animals o Athletes foot o Yeast infections (Candida albicans) o set worm o Cordyceps (kills grasshoppers) D. Symbiosis Symbiosis is a mutualistic relationship in which BOTH partners benefit Lichens = algae (or cyanobacteria) + fungus o On rocks, dry environments Mycorrhizae = plant roots + fungus o -80% of plants might have these o Fungi supporter the plants get water & minerals o Plants provide fungi w/ vigor E. Fungi & Food Many foods are made development fungi Yeast (Saccharomyces) is used to make bread, beer, wine Cheeses (Brie, Blue, Roquefort) are made using mold (Penicillium)