Victorian England essays

Victorian England essays England was involved in many conflicts during the 17th century which ended in Napoleons defeat at Waterloo in 1815, in which France was defeated. Now England was entering into an era of relative peace, political and social stability which was called the Victorian Period. Historically the Victorian era is defined by the Monarchy of Queen Victoria reign (1837-1901). She was a constitutional monarch, which meant that the Monarchy had few powers and who was expected to remain above party politics. She ruled England with a Parliament and two Houses, The House of Lords and the House of Commons. England had grown with its colonial interests to be a world power. Victorian society witnessed a massive transformation in many fields. Advancements in science, technology and engineering changed and shaped England. Victorian England was a time of new growth, with its military, government and economy becoming the backbone of the Victorian Age. Generally the soldier that was in the army was of a low social stratus. A soldier had to pay for his own uniform and food costs, all on one shilling a day; a bricklayer was paid four shilling a day. If you did not like your job you could quit, in the army you were in for 21 years and you were flogged for trivial infractions. Thus the army was filled with the lowest of society, people escaping poverty, criminals and tramps. The Victorian Age needed a different and bigger army. England had new colonies in North America, Australia and India. It was not fighting a traditional war. England needed troops to protect these colonies and protect the valuable goods that were coming from them. The Army looked at different recruitment methods that allowed the men to stay closer to home at their bases. Sons followed fathers into the Army, nice uniforms; better rationing made it more appealing. The officer corps changed in that the nobility and upper classes served to lead the troops. England used this ...

Hark, the Herald Angels Sing in Spanish

Hark, the Herald Angels Sing in Spanish Hark, the Herald Angels Sing is one of the hundreds of hymns written by Englishman Charles Wesley  in the 19th century. This song has been modified over the many years since; here are Spanish lyrics for two of the verses: Escuchad el son triunfal Escuchad el son triunfal de la hueste celestial:Paz y buena voluntad; salvacià ³n Dios os dar.Cante hoy toda nacià ³n la angelical cancià ³n;estas nuevas todos den: Nacià ³ Cristo en Belà ©n.  ¡Salve, Prà ­ncipe de Paz! Redencià ³n traà ­do has,luz y vida con virtud, en tus alas la salud.De tu trono has bajado y la muerte conquistadopara dar al ser mortal nacimiento celestial. English Translation of the Spanish Lyrics Listen to the triumphal sound of the celestial host:Peace and good will; God will give us salvation.Each nation, sing today the angelical song;Give this good news: Christ was born in Bethlehem. Hail, Prince of Peace! Redemption you have broughtLight and life with virtue, health in your wings.You have come down from your throne and conquered deathit order to give celestial birth to the mortal being. Translation Notes escuchad: If youve studied only Latin American Spanish, you may not know this verb form well. Its the second-person plural familiar imperative (command) form of escuchar, the form that goes with vosotros. This word, then, means you (plural) listen or simply listen. el son: This isnt related to son the verb, but is a word meaning sound. In everyday speech, youre far more likely to heard the word sonido. de: De is one of the most common of Spanish prepositions. It is almost always translated as of or from; either translation would work here. la hueste: This uncommon word has the same meaning as the English cognate host in the context of this song. In current usage, las huestes is a bit more common as a way of saying the army forces. buena voluntad: Goodwill. os dar: Os is an object pronoun meaning you (plural) that youll hear mostly in Spain, very little in Latin America, although it is still commonly used in Latin America for liturgical use. So salvacià ³n Dios os dar means God will give you salvation. cante: Cante here is a subjunctive form of cantar, to sing. Cante hoy cada nacià ³n could be translated as may each nation sing. toda: Toda is the feminine singular form of todo. In singular form, todo typically is the equivalent of each; as plural, it usually means all.: estas nuevas: Nuevas is one way of saying news, so estas nuevas would be this news. The word is plural even though it translates as singular in Spanish. den: This is a plural command or plural present subjunctive form of dar, to give. estas nuevas todos den: This sentence uses an inverted word order, which is fairly common in song lyrics and poetry. This sentence could be translated as may all give the good news. Belà ©n: The Spanish name for Bethlehem. It is not uncommon for cities, especially those known centuries ago, to have different names in different languages. salve: In this song, salve is an interjection of greeting, meaning something like Hail! in English. Redencià ³n traà ­do has: Another case of inverted word order. The typical structure would be Has traà ­do redencià ³n, you have brought redemption. Note that this verse is sung to the savior rather than about the savior as in the English version of the hymn. ala: An ala is a wing, as of a bird. This is a metaphorical usage here; en tus alas la salud could very loosely be translated as with healing on your wings. trono: Throne. has bajado: You have come down. Bajado here is an example of a past participle. la muerte conquistado: Another inverted word order. In normal speech, has conquistado la muerte would be more common for you have conquered death. Conquistado here is also a past participle. para: Para is a common preposition that is sometimes used to indicate the purpose or utility of a thing or action. As such, it sometimes is translated as in order to.   ser: Here, ser is functioning as a noun meaning being rather than a verb meaning to be. In Spanish, most infinitives can function as nouns. nacimiento: Birth. Nacimiento is a noun form of nacer, to be born.

Sustanibilty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustanibilty - Essay Example Jeff’s argument of focusing on the costs of production was an important aspect because Nike’s revenue was mostly from this pool. On the other hand, Nike’s response was not convincing. Their response that the labor conditions of its contractors were not their concern was not a proper response. Like any other production company, it is necessary to evaluate the production principles of your partners or contractors. Their response was a selfish response that showed that they were concerned about profits, rather than the welfare of the employees and other stakeholders. Their response to the realization of the severity of the labor issue should have been done in the initial periods. At that time, they would have reduced the pressure that was rising in the labor market. The competitors such as Reebok used this opportunity to increase their competitive advantage while Nike was continuing to be stubborn. Nike did not handle the publicity surrounding its labor practices in a positive way. They waited for the labor issue to be amplified before they reacted. They reacted very late when the damage had been made. Had they acted earlier enough, they would have prevented the issues that arose from the labor unrest in its major distribution platforms. For example, when the criticism arose, they should have taken the initiative of evaluating the labor environment and making the possible changes. On entry into the market, Nike should have surveyed the minimum wages and provided considerable wages to its employees. It should have also evaluated its hiring platform to allow for the hiring of competitive and age appropriate individuals. This issue would have prevented the allegations that arose from the use of underage children in their production. They should also have involved major stakeholders such as the government, the unions, and other bodies in designing the employee rights and wages. In Vietnam, a fair

Microsoft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microsoft - Essay Example The products offered by Microsoft include; Windows, Office; entertainment products such as Xbox 360 and others and all these products are relatively price inelastic. The demand of these products is very high and as it has been found that people have become accustomed of using products offered by Microsoft. As people are willingly purchasing products of the company such as Microsoft Word is being purchased although people have the option to use Word already installed in Windows, therefore it shows that people are ready to buy products of Microsoft. Therefore the products offered by Microsoft are relatively price inelastic despite of the increasing investment made competitors such as Apple. Although the market has become a lot more competitive than it was few years back. Therefore Microsoft has to continue working hard to improve their existing products. Microsoft has been working to enhance its revenues and following strategies have been suggested on how Microsoft can improve its revenues: a. Microsoft can segregate its products on the basis of the consumer demand and then analyze the relatively price elastic or relatively price inelastic of each of the product of the company. This would allow Microsoft to understand and analyze how the total revenue of the company can be increased by considering each and every product. For instance, Microsoft Word can be considered as highly price inelastic and its demand would not change drastically even if the company increases its price by 15%. So in such cases, to increase the revenues the company should increase the price. Similarly, if the price of a product is relatively elastic, then it could analyze the price at which the company would be able to achieve maximum profits even if they have to reduce the price of the product. b. As it has been found that consumers are still facing issues like unemployment, higher prices

Origin on the Cold War in the period 1945 to about 1952 Essay

Origin on the Cold War in the period 1945 to about 1952 - Essay Example First, it is important to note that after World War II, the Big Three met at the Yalta Conference on April 12th, 1945. The Big Three allied leaders included the Soviet Leader, Joseph Stalin, the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The purpose of the Yalta Conference was to institute arrangements for a postwar world order, given that the world had just come from World War II. Although the leaders arrived at a contradictory consensus on the need for respect, democracy throughout Europe, and the recognition of a de facto Soviet Union sphere of influence throughout eastern Europe. It is also at this Yalta Conference that these Allies made final touches on plans to divide Germany according to separate zones of occupation. This development portrays the US and the Soviet Union as being in charge of the world affairs, since Britain’s superpower had atrophied, following its heavy involvement in World War I and II. This means th at the US and the Soviet Union had a strong sway on the pattern international relations and global politics would take. Thus, it is impossible to absolve them of the guilt of spreading the East-West conflict. In another wavelength, the events that took place on July 16th, 1945 and August 6th 1945 also helped exacerbate East-West tension. Particularly, on July 16th, 1945, American scientists successfully tested the first atomic bomb in New Mexico, Alamogordo. Later on, on August 6th 1945, Enola Gay, a US bomber detonated the atomic bomb, Little Boy in Hiroshima. This event is important since its instant devastation shocked the world and ushered in the nuclear age. Later on August 1945, Bockscar, an American plane dropped an atomic bomb Fat Man, on Nagasaki. This helped embolden the Soviet Union’s resolve to enter the nuclear arms race. Although the US intended to use these incidents as incentives to end World War II and dominance in world politics and foreign policy, yet the S oviet Union followed the act closely by detonating its first atomic bomb at the Semipalatinsk Test Site which is at Kazakhstan. This move by the Soviet Union did not only end America’s monopoly of atomic weapons, but also set off a chain of reactions. In 1952 for instance, this arms race became so intensive, as the US assembled and tested its first thermonuclear bomb. America and the Soviet Union’s culpability is seen in the fact that they acted on the manner they perceived each other, just as the theory of constructivism in international relations posit. In this case, the Soviet Union and the United deemed security as a competitive value and a relative concept wherein the realization of security for a state portended the forfeiture of security for the other state. It is because of this suspicion that the former Secretary of State for the US, John F. Dulles announced the adoption of Massive Retaliation as a foreign policy, on January 1954. The essence of this policy wa s that any significant act of attack or aggression by the Soviet Union was to be met with massive nuclear response. This fuelled the acrimony between the Soviet Union and the US since it is against this backdrop that America and the Soviet Union began to engage in Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Wendt points out that the animosity that continued to fester between the US and the Soviet Union may have further been underpinned by the pursuit of ideas that are based on realism.

Employment law paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment law paper - Essay Example This is simply because any act of a supervisor can be construed to be the act of an employer, especially when an employee is impacted on a job benefit. In cases where the employee is not impacted in tangible terms, here the employers can limit the liability under the following defense: a) The employer has been noted to exercise reasonable care for the prevention of any form of harassment, and b) The employee has not taken complete advantage of any preventive measures that have been provided by the employers. The EEOC General Counsel explains that the cases that involve the English only rule or any restrictive language policies and any language discrimination are given first importance for the commission. As per the EEOC, employers cannot and must not target the workers based on discrimination based on fears, stereotypes or even fear of the language or country of origin. Based on the Title VII, Sears has clearly violated the law, as it clearly explains, no employment discrimination based on any factor like race, age, color, sex, national origin or even religion is allowed. In this case Mary has been fired from the company for speaking in Spanish on the sales floor with a co-worker. This is clearly a violation of the law and clearly shows discrimination against the employees. The fact that the employees are allowed to talk in Spanish with the customers however not with the coworkers, is a clear discrimination. Mary could have been given a warning however, not fired as it is not ethical an d completely violates the Title VII and the EEOC rules. The Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications allows the employers to make discrimination and permits them to employers of American Airlines to discriminate and to make the pilots and flight attendants to work on religious holidays as well. This however is not fair and it is important to understand, when companies prefer to have a diversified work force, it is

Gideon v. Wainwright Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gideon v. Wainwright - Case Study Example In Betts v. Brandy, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), the court modified this doctrine slightly, ruling, â€Å"that whether or not a lawyer was required would depend on the circumstances of whether a lack of representation affected a denial of due process, rendering the trial unfair. Due to the difficulty of proving the high standard of a due process violation, nearly all such cases involved the death penalty. This view had not changed by the late 1960’s. Today when an individual is apprehended by the police, he is informed of his constitutional rights; through being Mirandized, wherein he is informed that he is entitled to have representation and that if he can not afford an attorney, one will be appointed for him. In 1961 Clarence Earl Gideon had been charged with burglary for breaking into a pool hall in Panama City Bay County, Florida and taking money from the vending machines. He appeared in court too poor to afford counsel, whereupon the following conversation took place: The Court: Mr. Gideon, I am sorry, but I can not appoint counsel to represent you in this case. Under the laws of the state of Florida, the only time the court can appoint counsel to represent a defendant is when the person is charged with a 2 capital offence. I am sorry, but I will have to deny your request to appoint counsel to defend you in this case.... penitentiary. From his prison cell and making ample use of the prison library, Gideon appealed to the United States Supreme Court based on the fact that he had been denied counsel and therefore his fourteenth Amendment rights had been violated without due process of law. Mr. Gideon brought habeas corpus proceedings against the Director of the Division of Corrections. The Florida Supreme Court, 135 So 2 d 746, denied all relief, and Mr. Gideon brought certiorari. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari to review judgment of the Florida Supreme Court denying habeas corpus on the ground that indigent defendant in criminal prosecution in state court has no right to have counsel appointed for him (372 U.S. 335) Mr. Justice Black held that the sixth Amendment to the federal constitution providing that in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to assistance of counsel for his defense is made obligatory on the states by the3 fourteenth amendment, and that an indigent defendant in a criminal prosecution in a state court has the right to have counsel appointed too him. Like Gideon, Betts sought release be habeas corpus, alleging that he had been denied the right to assistance of counsel in violation of the fourteenth amendment, Betts was denied any relief, and on review this court affirmed. It was held that a refusal to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant charged with a felony did not necessarily violate the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment,